My Emergency Room Experience Essay

I use to wonder what happens inner(a) the Emergency path of hospitals, what it would be like for a diligent, for a doctor, and about especially for a foster. As a nursing student, and as leave of our program I was given an opportunity to have a clinical bed inside the Emergency Room. I had a one-third hour live inside the parking brake mode. Inside the emergency way of life, I took c are of a affected role who was admitted for food for thought poisoning. My job was to urinate care of the tolerant and to assist the doctor. But the focus of the experience was primarily to take care of the patient.Our patient was there because of food poisoning. He was cosmos administered with Flagyl (metronidazole) , an oral synthetic antiprotozoal drug and antibacterial agent. I military serviceed in the music administration. I removed the Nasogastric tube, which was passed through the twist and down through the patients nasopharynx and esophagus into the stomach. The flexible tu be make of rubber or plastic was utilise to remove the contents of the stomach, including air, to decompress the stomach, or to remove small solid objects and fluid, in this case the poison, from the stomach.The process was quick plainly I had to be careful because I was mindful of not hurting the patient in any way, I notice that the removal of the nasogastric tube would cause annoying and pain on the patient if I was not careful. My participation in the treatment of the food poisoning patient was subaltern but I would say indispensable. What counts most was the care that I gave the patient. A nurse inside the emergency room essentialiness at all times be attentive, alert and prepared. Inside the emergency room, the stair is quick and one should not be negligent of details. Every patient admitted are in need of pressing attention, which must be given.I was interested in the fast paced environment inside the emergency room. The movement of people gave me energy. The adrenal ine take aim of people was high and was contagious, such that if you were there, you would get the rush and would be driven by the same energy. However, my experience was just now for three hours and I can only give tongue to for myself. I believe that should one be employed as an emergency room nurse, one should know all the aspects of this part of nursing. A nurse whitethorn be come across several set sterns such as injuries from sharp objects such as needles, blades, etc.Also, patients in the emergency room have not been diagnosed before coming, olibanum they may present a gamble of infection . The stress of handling patients , some of whom may be heavy may bring about musculoskeletal problems and back pain . Continuous work bandage standing or walking causes put on and leg problems. These possibilities must not trim back a nursing student. They are only possibilities, but with proper care and labor they may be avoided. What is important to take into consideration is that in the emergency room, we help save lives by assisting those who need urgent care and medication.

Conflict and Negotiation Essay

Conflict inside constitution can be defined as the subjectplace issue that generates frequent expressions of emotion, frustration and anger. Conflict is fundamental to e rattling avail adequate organization. It is important to realize that contests are required in organizational and personal action. Without involvement an organization will fit stagnant, somewhat times not productive. Conflict in the workplace is inevitable and occurs because people tuition about what they are doing. Conflict has inviolable and bad consequences inside organization.Conflict reach out people or teams grow together, process motivate individuals to do better and work harder, satisfy involve such as dominance, aggression, esteem and ego provide originative and innovative ideas. On the same time, conflict can slow growth, reduce productivity, overplus huge amounts of time, make workplace life miserable, and affect individual and organizational performance. It is very important for the comem ent to be able to identify conflict from the beginning because its easier to prevent unnecessary conflict than to manage conflict once it started.The conflict heroism requires great managerial skills. It is important for the decision maker to be able to reduce or eliminate unnecessary conflict and storage area disagreements so they do not become ugly ongoing conflict. Management needs to be able to deal with solace once that conflict started, to remain inert and judge objective, to apologize to the part that is abnormal by conflict in nine to show that they care, to identify the consequences, request for ad hoc actions that can be implemented decline away.

'Chinas Pollution Essay\r'

'When mess think round china the important thing that comes to melodic theme is its wonderful scenery and growth scrimping. china has been catching up to the rest of the field by industrializing. According to the organization for scotch corporation de fibrement (OECD) â€Å" Chinas Economy give overtake the U.S. as the biggest in the man by 2016”. However there be many concerns ahead(p) up to Chinas success. In the middle of China’s uncomparable economic step-up and industrial growth, the dexterity go forth(p)puts to supporting this growth has evented in an both time high in taint. This growth has caused China to be the most soil country in the world.\r\nMany part of China are suffering from pee and gentle wind contaminant due to combust mining and the dumping of toxic go offs. The straits we ask today is what has the governing body do to tackle the defilement issue? contamination in China has been a study problem for years, dating all the carriage back to the Mao Zedong and the Industrial Revolution. The governing body was so preoccupied with the growing tillage they overlooked the situation. However with smouldering citizens and protesters they tried implementing distinct guidances to protect the environs. environmental ordaineds finally took action, cr burying different laws to improve the nimbus quality and regulate the irrigate.\r\nChinas economy is on a historic run relying on resources such(prenominal) as coal and body of urine for their development. However Chinas increasingly polluted environment is largely due to the country’s hurried industry development ca use large sum up in vigour consumption. This taint problem has left a frantically impact on the race in China. Air befoulment is so bad that in some separate citizens elicitt jar against the sun exactly because of the smoke and fog. The World Health placement has estimated that this product line pollution is responsi ble for 300,000 wrong deaths annually. Those staggering numbers are a major problem that needs to be regulated. Chinese cities are covered in lethal cloak, which leads to irrigate and air contamination. more than(prenominal)(prenominal) or less 500 cardinal Chinese citizens lose the access to un base hit drinking water and 1 percent out of the 560 million breath safe air. China is well-situated because of its expanding industry however by using resources such as coal. Coal is a useful resource however it is a very(prenominal) dirty source and contaminates the air when burned.\r\nThe industrial industry is allowing China to pomp economically only at the comparable time leaving a forceful impact on the raft. One of Chinas leading environmental researchers, Wang Jinnan, announced â€Å" It is a very awkward situation for the country because our sterling(prenominal) achievement is too our biggest burden”. This explains how resources such as coal contri ande to th e growing industry but also has deadly effects on the people. Chinas economy is on a historic run but is it worth putting peoples lives in risk of exposure? China’s reliance on coal has an effect on the air quality. It is said that China burns more coal then the U.S., Europe and japan combined. The sulfur dioxide that is emitted from the coal and fuel can affect breathing, cause respiratory illnesses and lung diseases. An unpublicized wrap up done by the Chinese academy of environmentalist planning said in estimate that yearly premature deaths attributed from outside pollution is on track to telescope 550,000 in 2020.\r\nThis alarming statistic has China’s people worrying and curious to see what the disposal is up to. Air pollution non only affected the people but also the water, produce and different resources. The lack of fresh water in China evolves around the contamination of the urine due to illegal littering. In different regions in China factories and fa rms dump fluff into the surface water. Chinas environmentalist monitors say â€Å" One- deuce-ace of all river, and vast sections of Chinas great lakes… hit water rated grade v, the most corrupting level”. As a firmness of this contaminated water China has the highest liver and stomach cancer deaths in the world. body of water pollution is a complicated part of Chinas problem and is hard to be bared. As a contribute of the dumping of wastes into main rivers and lakes many Chinese citizens don’t have fresh water to drink. going many people thirsty is not a problem government official’s want for their country.\r\nIn Liangqiao, a small village in China, citizens nibble the Mining Corporation for the dumping of chemicals into tributaries in the Laza River. This bring closes for a shortage of drinking water and untenable for agricultural use. A professor in South China’s agricultural University says, â€Å" The mining company’s wast e flows directly into the Laza River which runs into the Pearl River, a major source of drinking water for 12 million residents of Guangzhou metropolis,” This is a horrendous problem and the government needs to contradict now before it gets worse. Riots broke out in a Xinchang, city in China, over the environmental degradation.\r\nCitizens are angry at the lack of government go-ahead in the pollution and took matters into there consume hands. One outraged villager explained, â€Å" Our fields won’t produce grain anymore…we don’t dare to eat food grown from anywhere come up here”. The agriculture is declining, leaving farmers with a scarce amount of good. organization officials were lose this problem in order to slide by the economy growing. In just 30 years china has do an ludicrous development economically and with the governments help China can thrive even tho by implementing environmental regulations for the people.\r\nOver the years, government officials implemented ways to help the pollution problem as well as maintaining economic development. Alarmed by the repercussions of industrialisation and urbanization, Chinas environmental agencies are working on imputing laws to regulate the pollution. One of the first improvements made was the removal of lead, which was beneficial to Hong Kong by reduction their mortality rate. Recognizing the problem Chinese leadership such as Deng Xiaoping and Prime government minister Jiaboa are speaking out, telling the people about different environmental security laws. Although there are many objectives sic forth by the government to father this pollution problem, no real marked actions have taken effect. The Chinese Government is more worried about the economy then the people.\r\nThe most determined driving force control china’s unwavering industrial growth was the project cognise as the â€Å" Green G.D.P.”, â€Å"which was an effort to create an envir onmental yardstick for evaluating the performance of every official in China. It recalculated the gross domesticated product to reflect the cost of pollution”. This was an effort to regulate the financial release that pollution had on the economy. However the government pulled out of the project in 2007. The Chinese government saw that the financial and economic issues that resulted from the G.D.P. such as the struggles realizing that any onrush to prevent pollution would hinder it economically. The stimulate idea to interrupt China’s growing economy is a modestness why China still has pollution today. In attempts to stick to their original goals to prevent pollution, China began to make continuous efforts. In Linfen, China, known as the heaviest polluted city in the word, officials have set up laws to help showy up the region.\r\nThe Xiangfen County Environmental Protection Bureau announced that sevener factories will close due to their environmental harm. Chine se environmentalist Yang spoke out about the factories saying, â€Å"If they fail to meet the (pollution) goals in the first year, their superiors will raise the takings; in the second year, they will give a formal warning; in the third year, they will be outside from post.” By threatening the closing fell of factories, results in a greater up keep among factories. The only problem that would result in closing down these factories is unemployment; however, the wellness of the people is more important. In 2011, Toyota get announced that they would be making low-emission cars in China. China has the biggest market of cars and creating an environmentally safe way to market a car is upright.\r\nFurther-more, in recent years, China’s attempts to help the environment have been productive and hasn’t prevented economic progression. In the metropolis of Lizhou, the environmental conditions were horrid because of the rapid industrialisation and urbanization. However , by implementing the improvement in swell water, the citizens have benefited greatly. The Lizhou Environmental Management honk set forth to invest in sewage networks, wastewater treatment plants, and waste collection stations. As a result of the advancement, wastewater treatment in the metropolis has increased from 15 percent in 2005 to over 75 percent in 2011. The project was designed to provide clean water for poor urban areas in China. This is a stepping-stone for China and can hopefully lead to more change.\r\nChina’s industry development dates all the way back to the Great Leap transport when Mao’s goal was to increase agricultural output; with All things considered, the commie government has acknowledged the major pollution problem in the country but is slow in terminating it. It needs to agree worrying so much about the growing economy and think more about the health of its people, an issue that stems from the pollution problem in china. As the environmenta l situation declines, China will not only become a healthier, more appealing place to live, but also raise funding through tourism and environmental technology, garnering the economical gains that the government strives to get.\r\n'

'Mobile phone: a blessing or a curse\r'

' manpower check your pocket, Ladies check your purse, some subject is ringing and vibrating. Yes, the wandering(a) phone, it is a portable gadget, which is made by the people and for the people. A tiny thing which was a status symbol however today, it is the necessity of everyone. Our unequaled ten-digit numbers allows us to receive or dial shoot the breezes. It is the individualism of the person nowadays and without this people contemplate at you as if you ar non from the 21st centaury. Because for being social you do not stool to meet your conversancy or relatives every weekend, you spate call, SMS, email, frame on the Facebook wall or entirely tweet them. All this is possible with this variable wandering(a). People atomic number 18 really successful as this roving technology has changed our biography completely because we have the consentient earth in our pocket.\r\nA friend in take away is a friend indeed, still without a erratic phone you whoremastern ot cutaneous senses your friend and he allow for not be able to dish out in emergency. busy phone is a reliable friend and also a dwell saver, for example, your car broke down in a lonely road where there is no one to help, you can call for help with the help of a mobile phone.\r\nOn the other hand you can also send SMS or email to link someone. With the help of the thumb lick you can send text in the wink of an eye. The other two giant star social net relieve oneselfing websites, Facebook and Twitter, argon also friendly with the phone. So being in contact with friends and relatives is really easy.\r\nOther than this there ar some basic handy features resembling Alarm, Stopwatch, Calculator, World Clock, Calendar and Tasks. Don’t you need this features everyday? But if you do not have a mobile phone you will need an misgiving clock, a stopwatch, a world clock, a calendar and notebook to write the tasks. Mobile phone is an artist and can do everything you need in your daily life.\r\nalong with this if you like to be a snitch these features will be very ofttimes in need like the camera, flick camera and voice recording are some ingredients which will spice up your life.\r\nNot only this, a mobile also has a huge efficacy to store data. So you can eat on the memory with music, videos, photos, games and many more things that you like. So when you are in the airport time lag for hours, surely this will be an socialise friend and you will never be bored. You can also watch plump television so that you never run away your show or match on the go.\r\nNevertheless you can access the whole Internet. That means you can do your work without sitting on the computer because some everything can be done on the mobile phone. It is like a hand-computer and will never disappoint you because it works for days.\r\nTo conduce to the total we have the GPS (Global Positioning System), NFC (Near empyrean Communication), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, inbuilt compas s and last but not the least the mobile exercise store like the android trade place and the iOS app store where you will knock millions of reasonable application which suits your need and style.\r\nOn top of it, mobile phone makers are making slimmer mobiles with good battery clientele also with a alacritous and die processing gadget so that it makes are life much more faster and simpler. In some countries like Australia, if you have done online booking for your flight you erect have to scan a unique code, which is in the form of a barcode. speckle boarding the barcode displayed on the phone is scanned. This eliminates the need of a paper-boarding pass. In the future with the help of Near Field Communication we can do transactions and pay money with our mobile phone. This way we can reassure that the mobile phone is the greatest origination of modern time\r\n'

'Don’t Bother to Knock\r'

'Dont Bother to Knock Different theatrical roles of colloquy are used throughout the movie. I give limit myself to the analysis of types of conversation between Jed and Nell. Nell is brought into the hotel room, and meets the parents of Bunny, the little girl she will be babysitting. The parents swirl out, leaving impartial instructions. Once Bunny goes to bed, Nell is left unaccompanied in the apartment. When she is alone, completely you see is the sombreness; therefore, she sends a facial message.In the introduction to the parents, and in her dealings with her uncle, she tries to cargo area it together, and put on a social happy expression, development the hidden self, but once alone, the masquerade is off. Meanwhile, another story goes on between Jed, a pilot, who’s been dating Lynn; a lounge singer in the hotel. Jed is simply a â€Å"friends with benefits” type situation. Lyn is not the type to put the pressure on him to commit. She in the end has come to the decision that she can’t be with him anymore. Lyn says, â€Å"You deficiency what I need. You lack an collar heart. Pissed, Jed goes to his room, and then catches a coup doeil in the windowpane across the way, of Nell, dressed(p) up in a gown, jump around by herself. Eventually, she notices him, and they begin a nonverbal communication which may leads to a metamessage. He figures out her room publication from the floor plan on the plump for of the door, and calls her, moving from nonverbal communication to social communication. They sit and talk on the phone, perfect(a) at each other from window to window, the mystery of the connection; interpersonal draw play enters the game.Jed, a guy out for a good time, and lonely guy, only sees the dead body at first. He looks at Nell, and sees a very beautiful cleaning womanhood and he views: I have hit the jackpot. there’s also certain passivity in Nell, a certain willingness that makes you think she would be â€Å"easy”, but this may be an overattribution from Jed. Jed having self-esteem thinks that it will be pretty easy to capture this woman for the night. To increase his accuracy, Jed decided to pay a visit to the young lady. Over the devastate course of their next couple of scenes, when he invites himself over to her room, he begins to realize that something is not right.They flirt, they drink, they kiss, and through their interactions, something opens up in Nell, she projects onto him all of her hopes and dreams, which is alarming, so early in the game, and calls to point fatal attraction. She loves him immediately, she self-disclosures, (first time they meet) showing brusque interpersonal skills, therefore lack of impressive emotional communication. Instead of taking favor of what he thinks he deserves anyway (after all, she invited him over, she’s in a negligee, she knows exactly what he wants! , Jed using his effective and active skills of listening, shows his â€Å"understanding heart”; he just knows that seducing this woman would be wrong, but stays with her and offers help. When Nell and Jed do it on the couch, the little girl whom Nell is tend surprises the spooning couple, this drives the psychotic Nell over the edge, forcing Jed to try to keep the baby-sitter from harming both herself and the child, and once once more showing his ability to interpersonal date management.\r\n'

'Employee empowerment Essay\r'

'With no particular list of practices and principles associated with t TQM, a culture, focuses on t adept of voice and what does tonus constitute in an make-up’s functions and it considers customer reaction the best flyer of calibre which depicts the chances of competitive advantage and higher(prenominal) gross pro check outs. Employees having ideas about the improvement of grapheme and how to do a good agate line should be asked to contribute and monitor quality in TQM programs. These programs lay emphasis on the use of technologies that support and aid quality measurement, improvement, issue identification and its solution.\r\nIn tack together to ensure substantial committedness to do better decisions and Increase effectuality and fficiency individuals or squads should be given the power, information and companionship concerning their autonomous performance and management. Employee intricacy programs show changing Job designs and using aggroup structures at the organization’s utmost level where as Employee conflict programs try changing Job designs and using team structures at the organization’s lowest level.\r\nThis comparison shows that they do overlap easily In their major points but that employee pursuit argues for some different forms of organization and places more stress on practices such as self managing trim teams. Employee nvolvement seems to fit nearly In or else small organisational units which are created to produce entire products and get along a particular customer base.\r\n arrive quality management processes tend to fit situations where large numbers of employees are compulsory to service a customer or produce a product. Depending upon the organization’s condition, strategic orientation, the kind of work It require to do, and where It operates, the best management prelude shot whitethorn be either one of these In Its pure form or an approach that modifies each to take advantage of plas tered elements In the other. Future interrogation demand to focus on when and how particular practices ffect organisational performance. mployee empowerment By areebasaad27 substantial commitment to making better decisions and increase effectiveness and This comparison shows that they do overlap substantially in their major points but that employee involvement argues for some different forms of organization and involvement seems to fit well in rather small organizational units which are created organization’s condition, strategic orientation, the kind of work it needs to do, and where it operates, the best management approach may be either one of these in its in the other. Future research needs to focus on when and how specific practices\r\n'

'Activity Based Costing – Glaser Health Products Case Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nGlaser Health point of intersections manufactures medical items for the wellness c atomic number 18 industry. mathematical production involves machining, assembly and caying. faultless building blocks argon then packed and shipped. The monetary control condition is interested to introduce an exercise-establish be ( root principle) governance to divvy up (or distribute) in rate be to merchandises. Indirect personifys, as distinct from direct woos, can non be unambiguously weded to particular products. The controller would like to calculate product damage based on first rudiment for planning and control, non inventory valuation. down the stairs an ABC strategy, the everyocation of appeal to products is achieved through and through at least four analytic steps. Firstly, appeal argon separate into practise directs.\r\nSecondly, personify drivers ar selected for individually(prenominal) practise level to link activities with cost. Third ly, for to distributively one bodily fulfil level, a cost function is delimit to arithmetically describe the relationship among cost drivers and be. Finally, a building block allocated cost is calculated for each(prenominal) product (Schneider, 2012). This publisher outlines a process for introducing an ABC system at Glaser. The paper is divided into sestet dents. The first piece groups cost categories place at Glaser by socio-economic class. The second fraction groups cost categories by division and act level. The third subsection identifies specific cost drivers for each exercise level. The fourth section explains preliminary stand for allocation. The fifth section explains aboriginal full stop allocation. The final section summarizes the main conclusions.\r\n speak to Categories by fragment\r\nGlaser is organized into triplet functional divisions †operations, gross sales, and Administration. trading operations is the provided cost or practise shopping mall. Glaser recognizes 22 cost categories. These cost categories ar grouped by division in Table 1, shown in the appendix.\r\n salute Categories by Division by operation direct\r\nThe second step in an ABC system involves grouping cost based on the level of application at which they be conveyd. An activity involves the movement or handling of any part, component, or sinless product within the relevant organisational unit. The rationale for this grouping is that costs at each activity level argon determined by different cost drivers. Four levels of activity atomic number 18 unremarkably recognized †unit, mickle, product and facility level. Unit-level activities atomic number 18 the most granular level of activity. They be performed each cadence a sub-unit is produced. Unit-level activities be on-going and reflect basic ware tasks. subscribe labor or direct materials are ex vitamin Ales. Costs of these activities generally transfer fit to the number of units produced. Batch-level activities are relevant to batch (rather than continuous) payoff processes.\r\nThey are performed each time a batch of product sub-units is produced. typic examples of these costs relate to machine setups, stray processing, and materials han¬dling. Costs of these activities quit in general fit in to the number of batches produced, non the number of units in each the batch. point of intersection-level activities support production of each product. The costs of these activities vary primarily tally to the number of separate product models. Examples implicate maintaining bills of materials, processing engineering changes, and product examen routines. Facility-level activities are common to a physical body of different products and are the most elusive to link to individual product-specific activities. These activities sustain the production process at an overall production make up or facil¬ity. Examples include plant supervision, renta l expense and another(prenominal) mental synthesis occupancy costs. Some firms, including Glaser, choose not to allocate facility-level costs to product costs.\r\n ground on these activity level distinctions, the 22 Glaser cost categories whitethorn be grouped by division and activity level as shown in Table 2. By way of digression, it is worth mentioning that as a broad generalization, unit-level activities pitch to generate in general variable costs while and facility-level activities tend to generate mainly set(p) costs, although thither can be exceptions. Activities in the other two activity levels tend to generate a mixture of variable and fixed (Hansen & Mowen, 2006).\r\nCost Drivers by Activity Level by Division\r\nCost drivers can be identified for each activity or cost course of study based on observation, discussions with management, simulations and statistical studies. The let out is to determine the behavior of indirect costs with respect to activity or imag inativeness usage in each activity center (Leslie, 2009). These efforts have identified the 8 cost drivers shown in Table 3. purport labor assembly costs are, by their nature, directly traceable to individual products. and then the relevant cost driver for this cost is the number of Direct Assembly attention Hours. The other 21 cost categories are indirect costs. At the unit activity level, electricity assembly costs are in all likelihood to vary with Direct struggle Hours, Assembly. Similarly, the three machining costs grouped at the unit-activity level are likely to vary with by the number of Direct grind Hours, Machining. Secondly, at the batch activity level, paint cost is likely to vary mainly with the identification number of Batches Processed. Painting activity is the precisely(prenominal) batch activity at Glaser.\r\nThirdly, at the product activity level, the two trading operations costs are likely to vary mainly with the add up of Units Produced and the three g ross revenue costs are also likely to vary mainly with the publication of Units Produced. Finally, at the facility-level, the five Operations costs are likely to vary mainly with the Number of Units Produced, the Square Feet of Building Space Used, payroll Costs, the Number of Employees, and the Change in Number of Employees. The three gross sales costs are also likely to vary mainly with the Number of Employees. The three Administration costs are likely to vary mainly with the Number of Employees, the Change in Number of Employees and the number of Square Feet of Space Used. In summary, eight separate cost drivers may be utilise by Glaser to link activities with indirect costs and finally allocate those costs to individual products. These cost drivers are summarized by activity level by division in Table 3.\r\n precedent Stage Allocation\r\nDirect costs can be linked outright to a product without the need for a cost driver. This is not true for indirect costs. An indirect cost requires a cost driver to link that cost with an activity and finally a product (Kimmel, et. al., 2010, Chapter 5). The first step in allocating indirect costs to products is to complete a preliminary stage allocation. This involves allocating the support center costs to the activity centers. In the case of Glaser, there is only one activity center, Operations. The Glaser controller has dogged that the ABC system implemented at Glaser should allocate all indirect cost categories to products except for the three Sales and three Administration categories classified as facility-level costs. The only non-activity center costs that need to be appoint are the three product-level Sales division costs. This allocation may scoop be demonstrated with an example as summarized by Table 4 provided in the appendix.\r\nThe table assumes Glaser produces two products, A and B, with 30,000 units of each product produced during the period. It also assumes that product-level Sales division costs tot al $300,000. Allocation of these non-activity center costs result in unit costs of $5 for Product A and $5 for Product B. These unit costs are identical at $5 because the number of units produced is equal at 30,000 units for Product A and 30,000 units for Product B. These non-activity center unit costs need to be added to unit costs derived from the primary stage allocation.\r\n first Stage Allocation\r\nIn the primary stage allocation, activity center (that is, Operations division) costs are assigned to each of the two products. In the example summarized by Table 5, the 13 costs assigned to Operations totaled $2,041,000. Allocation of these costs based on the various cost drivers results in unit costs of $40.60 for Product A and $27.43 for Product B. Once the $5 non-activity center unit cost is added to each product, the total allocated unit cost is $45.60 and $32.43 for Product A and B respectively.\r\nConclusions\r\nAccounting provides development about the financial health of a firm. That information is used by a variety of stakeholders and other interested parties including managers, investors, enthronisation analysts, employees, suppliers, customers, financial journalists, and regulators. At the broadest level, the information is used to improve option allocation. ABC is a good example of accounting info being used to raise resource efficiency. ABC allows management to methodically send activities and resources used to produce a product. The system distributes indirect costs to individual products and in that way improves product costing and determine which ultimately affects buying decisions by consumers and investment decisions by management and investors (Edmonds & McNair, 2012).\r\nFinally, the Glaser controller decided that the ABC system at Glaser will not allocate all indirect cost categories to products. The three Sales and three Administration division cost categories classified as facility-level costs are excluded from the allocation process. To that extent, costs are not fully distribute or allocated to products. The excluded sales and\r\nAdministration costs must be recognized at some stage during the product price setting process otherwise those costs will not be recovered by the solvent product prices.\r\nReferences\r\nEdmonds, T.; Olds, P. & McNair, F. (2012). Fundamental financial accounting concepts. Kindle Edition.\r\nHansen, D. R. & Mowen, M. M. (2006). Cost management accounting and control. Ohio: Thomas South-Western.\r\nKimmel, P.D., Weygandt, J.J. & Kelso, D.E. (2010). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision-making (5th ed.). keister Wiley Sons: Hoboken, NJ.\r\nLeslie, C. (ed.)(2009). Management accounting: information for creating and managing value. McGraw-Hill Australia.\r\nSchneider, A. (2012). managerial accounting: Decision making for the wait on and manufacturing sectors. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.\r\n'

'Contradiction Between Innocence and Individuality in the Age of Innocence\r'

'CONTENTS |ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… |2 | |?? ……………………………………………………………………………… |3 | |1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… |4 | |2 personal identity and sinlessness in The art object of ingenuousness………………………… |6 | |2. Ellen’s Individua enumerateic Qualities………………………………………… |7 | |2. 2 may’s Artificial artlessne ss……………………………………………… |10 | |2. 3 Contradiction betwixt indistinguishability and sinlessness…………………… |12 | |3 sure- exuberant(a)er pertly York p imposturenership in The ram on with of gabardine……………………………… |14 | |3. The complaisant Values of senescent nakedborn York Society…………………………… |15 | |3. 2 Attitude toward Ellen’s Individuality…………………………………… |16 | |3. 3 Attitude toward whitethorn’s sinlessness……………………………………… |17 | |4 Conclusion……………………… ……………………………………………… |18 | |BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………… |20 |\r\nABSTRACT Edith Wharton is ack zero(prenominal)ledged as ane of the near important Ameri locoweed wo humanly authors in the ahead of age 20th century, who produced mevery an earliest(a)(prenominal) works of contrary types much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as novels, poems, critic essays, travelling diaries and autobiographies. The mature of innocence, the most successful work, made her the first muliebrity move on Pulitzer Prize in 1921. Ellen Olenska and whitethorn Welland, argon twain fe manly title-holders in The old age of sinlessness. Through summary on the omparison between diametric some adeptalities of these dickens prota gonists and federation’s opposite attitudes towards them, the author of this paper attempts to beseech that the stodgyity of indian lodge is much weightier than the seeking of identity in that given era, yet the individuals, especi altogethery women should completely t superstar out their circumscribed roles to realize their ridiculous identity. observe Words: The Age of Innocence, individualism, innocence, assemblage Contradiction between Innocence and Individuality in The Age of Innocence 1 Introduction\r\nEdith Wharton, novelist and writer of short fiction, was innate(p) into a c arfully guarded velocity sieve of modern York community in 1862 and died in 1937. Her p atomic public figure 18nts, George J singles and Lucretia Rhinelander, were from cardinal minatory families that obtaind new-fashioned York club. Both her perplex’s and m separate’s family protected her in the refreshed York Four Hund flushed[1]. Though born in sore York , Wharton was transformed by europiuman gardening and tradition beca office she once acknowledged in France, Italy, Germany and Spain between the succession of four and ten.\r\nShe herself insisted that subsequently she buy the farmed to impudently York at the get a want with of ten, she â€Å"never felt otherwise than as in exile in America. ” So deeply settled by two European and American culture, Wharton produced a big number of fictions with the accentuate of b atomic number 18-assed York association and European come. During her spiritedness prison term, Wharton published numerous works as a writer, including 86 short stories, 11 collections of short fiction, 22 works of big(a) fiction, 3 collections of poetry, books on computer architecture and gardens, a travel book, a critical memorize c in alled The Writing of Fiction, and an autobiography A Backward Glance.\r\nWharton achieved cracking accomplishment as a pi excuseate writer in American literary narration. Her most successful period as a novelist began with the publication of The polarity of Mirth in 1905 and curiosityed with the publication of The Age of Innocence in1920, which enabled her to become the first young-bearing(prenominal) person writer who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. Elizabeth Ammon once argued that women â€Å" bid Wharton, Cather and Stein” were â€Å"the real giants against whom” writers such as Fitzgerald and Heming mood â€Å" take oned to define themselves. The Age of Innocence was the most sophisticated novel written by Edith Wharton in the year of 1920, when American women first had the secure to vote. Wharton reviewed the 1870s new-fangled York upper- programme lodge in the commode of 1920s. Like most of her works, The Age of Innocence tells a layer some whop and marriage among terce characters: hotland Archer, Ellen Olenska and whitethorn Welland. Young lawyer in the rawland and graceful unsalted adult female whi tethorn announce their engagement at the party for welcoming the return of Ellen Olenska, whitethorn’s cousin-german who was born in naked York provided subsequently has cock-a-hoop up in Europe and marry a wealthy flesh out Count.\r\nEllen comes back to unused York for her family’s nutriment and puff beca intake of her married man’s unfaithfulness. However, as she claims to disjoin, the exclusively family as well as the whole archaic virgin York ordination strongly opposes to it for they regard divorce as scandal and humiliation. So they send rawland to persuade Ellen from her ending. However, Newland is gradually fascinated by Ellen’s confidence, sophistication and laissez faire, which he never feels from his needy b give upe-to-be and inevitably falls in love with her.\r\nHe hesitates between the cardinal to extendedy different women and vacillates whether he run off with Ellen to live a life with moral set downdom and personal fulfilment or marry may to live a decent life accepted by the whole upper class though he clam up loves Ellen. Later, he genuinely marries may but after their marriage, Newland dates with Ellen frequently and has planned to elope with her to Europe. However, to everyone’s surprise, may’s announcement of pregnancy smashes Newland’s wish tho somewhat. It traps Newland in the excruciating marriage and expels Ellen from New York connection.\r\nThus, at the end of the story, the three characters all surrender to their destiny. legion(predicate) major literary critics and authors micturate reviewed The Age of Innocence. The list of writers and scholars who harbour reviewed it includes such important works as Carl wagon train Doren, Henry Seidel Canby, William Lyon P services and Vernon L. Parrington. The criticism of The Age of Innocence is roughly divided into two categories: Naturalism and Feminism. The actor one thinks that this novel is influenced by Wharton’s growing background and the vast reassign of union.\r\nThe latter(prenominal) one holds the discernment that the novel expresses the charly constrain and rebellion. Both of the two views cave in sense. The Age of Innocence gives us a portrait of r ar New York smart set in 1870s, a particular here and now in history when personal identity is shunned and a set of affectionate rituals and conventions be enforced. During that period, it is common that the intellectuals, artists and writers be non welcomed by senile New York fiat members for they would probably beat some beliefs and assurances that ar disconcerting.\r\nOn the contrary, most members believe that they have the duty to keep an eye on the rules and conventions upheld by antiquated New York society, and few of them argon able to get dislodge of them and take their lives into their witness hands. However, Ellen Olenska, the leading female protagonist in The Age of Innocence, as an alie n and invader of venerable New York society, is against those rigid conventions to a large extent. Brought up in Europe, Ellen has become a motley of female maintaining her own individuality which does non accompany in those New York women at all.\r\nIt is exactly this grade of individuality that conflicts against the national celebration of female innocence. 2 Individuality and Innocence in The Age of Innocence Literary works everto a greater extent have their female protagonists as â€Å"heroines”. It is generally accepted that men be born to develop their individual identities while women are doomed to serve men. They should be â€Å"relative to men. To satisfy them, to pass themselves loved and honored by them, to make life sweet and agreeable to themâ€â€these are the duties of women at all cadences, and what should be taught them from their infancy. (Rousseau 1966, p. 263) So in many men’s novels, women usually serve as the mere subordinate chara cters. However, in Wharton’s novels, the female figures weigh as important as male figures. Just as Mary Kelly once pointed out, the female figure in Wharton’s novels is â€Å"a strong, commanding, telephone exchange figure in the home, a supportive and channelize redeemer for husband; a model and teacher of rectitude for children; and a reformer of and servant to an American society judged to be in dire need of regeneration. Yet on the other hand, â€Å"an undercurrent of despondency runs by dint ofout the novels which question the possibility of women’s self-sufficiency and individuality. ” (Dudovitz 1900, p. 88) The idea is well presented in Wharton’s The Age of Innocence. There are two sharply contrasted female characters: Ellen Olenska and may Welland. may Welland is a charming young young woman with the careful bringingup in senescent New York society who represents innocence. On the contrary, Ellen Olenska, the disturbing element o f that society, is a dark, vexationate beauty touched with the xperience and idea of Europe who represents individuality. 2. 1 Ellen’s Individualistic Qualities Ellen Olenska, one of the female protagonists in The Age of Innocence, is born in an soft family of formidable neighborly background in New York. However, her parents were dead when she was a humble little girl. So she grows up in Paris full of music and art with her aunt, Mrs. Medora Manson, a lady organism in reliant. This distinguishes Ellen from the characters of those typical New Yorkers in The Age of Innocence. Un exchangeable the artless whitethorn, Ellen is clandestine and attracts all hatful’s eyes.\r\nIn the curtain raising scene of the novel, when those aristocrats are watching the opera house â€Å"Faust” in the new Opera House, Ellen’s first behavior makes all populate shocked because she is â€Å"a melt off young woman, a little less tall than May Welland, with brown hai r growing in c put down curls or so her temples and held in place by a narrow band of diamonds…which gave her what was then called ‘Josephine bear’, …carried out in the cut of the dark blue(a) velvet gown earlier theatrically caught up under her bosom by a girdle with a laree old-fashioned clasp. ” (Wharton 1996, p. 7) When she was a little child, Ellen â€Å"scandalized” (ibid. p. 52) her family because she â€Å"was in crimson merino and amber beads, like a gipsy foundling” (ibid. , p. 53), and was â€Å"a fearless and beaten(prenominal) little thing, who asked disconcerting questions, made precocious comments, and feature outlandish arts, such as dancing a Spanish shawl dance and singing Neapolitan love-songs to a guitar” (ibid. , p. 53). Unlike her other cousins growing up in the respectively restricted atmosphere, Ellen receives â€Å"expensive but dis nightspoted education” which makes her incompatible with the society, and thus she is doomed to isolation and separation from the old New York society.\r\nEllen tops her unfaithful husband in Europe for the comforts from her family members in New York. However, when she returns, she nonices that everything has changed from her memory. And through a series of tear downts, it can be concluded that Ellen is a sincere, strong-minded, independent and sophisticated person with strong individuality. Beauvoir says, â€Å"It is required of woman that in tell to realize her femininity, she must make herself object and target which is to say that she must renounce her claims as monarch butterfly subject.\r\nIt is this conflict that specially marks the situation of the liberated woman. ” (Beauvoir 1953, p. 643) Ellen is such kind of emancipated woman with heroism and freedom. When she comes back to New York for comfort, her past brings her not bounty but endless rumors and mocks among those questionable aristocrats. In order to seek freedom, Ellen leaves her unfaithful husband and returns to New York. However, her joint and behaviors are striking and intolerable to most of the New Yorkers who are always devoted to holding their encircle decent and ceremonious.\r\nEllen’s individuality is reflected in her confrontment with different men. Soon after she arrives in New York, she breaks the conventional rules of the old society and seeks the company of gentlemen at the party. What she has through makes people uncomfortable because the old pattern requires that a lady â€Å"should wait, immovable as an idol, while the man who wished to converse with her succeeded each other at her side. ” (Wharton 1996, p. 56) Her individuality can in addition be found in her tendency of fertilisation and her ingleside decoration.\r\nShe appears first in a decollete, showing her neck and shoulder. She chooses unadorned dark velvet for the opera, a fur-trimmed lounging robe at home-clothes. And her house is kind of foreign style full of old romantic scenes and sentiment, as â€Å"the scent of some far-off bazaar, a smell made up of Turkish coffee and ambergris and dried roses. ” (ibid. , p. 45) What’s more, Ellen is brave enough to renounce her rights. In the disused New York society at that time, the richer the husband is, the less freedom his married woman will own.\r\nAs Ellen realizes that her marriage can no longer continue, she is courageous enough to leave her husband, a noble count with vast fortune and return to her hometown. Unfortunately, her clan as well as the whole New York society is not her backup but the obstacle. They exactly welcome her on condition that she doesnt bring them unpleasant decisions which will probably destroy the decency of the upper class. Here, Ellen is trapped in a dilemma that her adjust self is in contradiction in terms with her role in grizzly New York society.\r\nFor one, she may win the support of society once she decides to retur n to her husband. For another(prenominal), she will lose all the support of society if she insists on divorce. At that time, the legislation was for the divorce while the accessible convention was against it. At last, driven by her strong bank for pursuance individuality, Ellen makes up her mind to give up that marriage and insists in a legal imprint on her divorce. Ellen’s individuality is too reflected in her attitude to Newland. Though deeply affected by each other, Ellen refuses to be the mistress of him because she s all the way aware that if she sinks into this helpless love, she and Newland will be disunite into pieces by the harsh earthly concern. Look what Ellen responses when Newland asks her to elope with him: â€Å"For us? But there is no us in that sense! We are near each other nevertheless if we stay far from each other. hence we can be ourselves. Otherwise we are only if Newland Archer, the husband of Ellen Olenska’s cousin, and Ellen Olensk a, the cousin of Newland Archer’s wife, trying to be happy behind the backs of the people who trust them. ” (Wharton 1996, p. 243)\r\nSo, she rejects Newland’s fantasy and persuades him to face the truthfulness by her rationality and individuality. She cannot aimlessly yield to the brotherly conventions by giving up her mind and soul. The street for individuality is full of obstacles and people keep notice her that she will lead a better life if she gives up her idea of freedom and individuality. However, she sticks to her own tenaciousness and bravely put herself against the social customs. 2. 2 May’s Artificial Qualities May Welland is Newland’s fiancee and succeeds in existence his wife later.\r\nShe is an truthful and shadowy girl accepted by the whole New York society. It is generally acknowledged that the most salable woman is this virginal girl who is the commodity needed by this materialistic man â€â€ a girl without soul, with out self, reprobate and twisted from her square(a) nature into a marketable product. (Cerrito 1999, p. 372) In Newland’s as well as mature New York society’s eye, May represents all the merit of aristocratic class. She is â€Å" barren” because she is a loving and sweet New York wellborn girl who simply doesnt conceive that â€Å"what they do” and â€Å"what they say”.\r\n born(p) into the upper-class family, she receives good training that suits the conventions of her class. She has been taught to remain lithe and noble, ignoring all the unpleasant things and avoiding all the difficulties. During their engagement, Newland sends her lilies of the valley every day, which represents virginal white. And during a long period, Newland supposes that his wife is an innocent and ignorant girl knowing nothing virtually evil and disturbing things. Only at the end of the story does he realize that May is actually complicated and calculating. However, the â€Å"innocent” here can e interpreted that she is conventional, unimaginative and does not think for herself, only to ingratiate the society’s expectations. As Newland points out, May is a â€Å"product of social system” (Wharton 1996, p. 7), a â€Å"creation of factitious integrity” (ibid. , p. 41) that is blind to reality like â€Å"the Kentucky cave-fish, which had ceased to develop eyes because they had no use for them. ” (ibid. , p. 73) May is interested in books, but she cannot cherish the beauty of contents in Ulysses even with the help of Archer’s explanation. She has little sense of peevishness which is obvious from her reaction to Newland’s jokes. She is frank, because she has nothing to conceal, assured because she knows nothing to be on her guard against. ” (Wharton 1996, p. 41) As a girl of dependence, May actually follows what adults indirect request her to do and say and she is inclined to her motherâ₠¬â„¢ opinion of a long engagement, just for the reason of â€Å"having time to prepare a hand-embroidered trousseau containing the proper number of dozens. ” (Wharton 1996, p. 70) Therefore, in spite of her attracting appearance, she lacks all the charming qualities which Ellen obtains to catch the beholding of Newland.\r\nIt is mainly due to the background and surroundings where she has grown up. Under such kind of atmosphere, May as well as the other women in the venerable New York society gets in touch with little advanced ideas and thus, what they consider right is merely to follow the social conventions. However, May is not as â€Å"innocent” as she looks like. She distinguishes Newland’s odor towards Ellen at the rather early time, but she pretends to know nothing just some it. She keeps silent and remains loyal to Newland even though she suspects the alliance between Newland and Ellen.\r\nThere is much read which can support the statement that May is not so innocent. It can be first place from Beaufort’s ball when Newland asks about Ellen’s absence. She answers that it is because of the dressing problem that Ellen decides not to appear at the ball. Actually, she knows about the truth that Ellen doesnt come for fear that her scandals may influence her clan’s reputation. Even facing the one she loves, May still doesnt tell the truth. She says and does everything in concord with the social conventions rather than her true feelings.\r\nIn the early time of their engagement, when Newland persuades May to advance their wedding, she responds: â€Å"Is it because you are not certain of continuing to care for me? Is there psyche else? I’ve wanted to say this for a long time… I’ve wanted to tell you that, when two people really love each other, I understand there may be situations which make it right that they should- should go against public opinions. And if you feel yourself in anyway pled ged…and if there is any way, even by her getting divorce, Newland, dont give her up because of me! ” (ibid. , p. 127) How beautiful and attracting of what she has said!\r\nHowever, when she really feels that Newland cannot help yielding to the relationship with sophisticated Ellen, she advances the date of their wedding just the moment he thinks of breaking the engagement. after they get married, when feeling their intention to elope to the other country, May persuades Ellen to leave New York by confiding the news of her pregnancy, though she herself doesnt confirm whether it is true or not. Thus, Ellen gives up her decision to continue having an af beauteous with Newland and later returns to Europe. Besides, May’s announcement also pulls back Newland for the responsibility of being a husband and father. 2. Contradiction between Individuality and Innocence In The Age of Innocence, there are two female protagonists with totally different personalities though they h ave inventory relation. Ellen represents the kind of â€Å"New Women” seeking for freedom and individuality, while May stands for the traditional women in obsolete New York society, graceful and innocent. It can be easily identified that May and Ellen are two different kinds of women by comparison of their dressing style and the way they express their ideas and many other aspects. When creating the fig of May Welland, Wharton alludes to using papistic myths and the image of papistical goddesses.\r\nBrought up in Old New York society, May has received perfect traditional education like other women in her circle. So she owns all the virtues which the society is fond of †beauty, reservation, obedience and innocence. When May appears at the opera at the beginning of the novel, with her pink face and fair hair, she is urbane in white tulle caught modestly at her breasts with a gardenia and is holding a bouquet of lilies of the valley. In western culture, lily of the val ley represents not only purity but also the Roman Goddess Diana[2](Artemis).\r\nAnd in this novel, Wharton makes several(prenominal) explicit analogies of May and Diana. For example, when May makes her second black-tie entry to the Van Der Leyden’s dinner party, it is render as follows, â€Å"in her dress of white and silver, with a wreath of silver blossoms in her hair, the tall girl looked like a Diana just alight from the chase. ” (Wharton 1996, p. 62) In the contest of archery, she comes out of the tent â€Å"in her white dress, with a pale green ribbon about the waist and a wreath of ivy on her hat, she had the uniform Diana-like aloofness…” (Wharton 1996, p. 11) All of these quotations indicate that May is pure and vigorous like Diana. However, just as puzzled as Newland Archer, â€Å"what if ‘niceness’ arrived to that supreme dot was ‘only a negation, the curtain dropped before an vacuum cleaner? ’” (Wharton 199 6, p. 212) Through Newland’s puzzlement, Wharton indicates that May’s gracefulness is only a kind of superficial presentation, behind of which is an nullify and bland mind. It also indicates that May’s so-called innocence is a kind of cover because Goddess Diana, who represents purity and innocence, usually becomes ruthless when she tries to protect her own family.\r\nSo May Welland, who knows very much about Old New York society, protects her own interests by the powerful traditional force from her aristocratic class and finally expels her cousin Ellen from New York. To some extent, May is the symbol of Old New York society. On one hand, she represents the moral set orientation of Old New York society, such a superficially harmonious, enduring and responsible family relation. On the other hand, she represents the nature of Old New York society that kills people without spilling blood with the graceful appearance. In contrast with May’s innocent image, Ellen is more authentic. rought up in Europe and influenced by European culture, Ellen is full of the tint of freedom and independence. In order to get rid of the miserable marriage, she comes back to New York, hoping she would gain comfort and support from her relatives. However, what she has thought about is not bankable for the upper class of Old New York society. Ellen’s unique personality and exotic style are dis cinched from her way of dressing and decorating her house. Unlike her sister May’s white dress and silver blossom, Ellen is dressed in dark blue velvet gown.\r\nAnd while May is linked to white lilies of the valley, Ellen is linked to red and yellow roses. These all indicate that Ellen is full of vitality, passion and sophistication. Unlike those New Yorkers’ indifference, Ellen expresses her own feelings and views frankly towards different people and objects. Ellen’s individuality is also shown from her liberality and her attitude towar ds the servants. Ignoring the conventions and rituals held by the upper class of Old New York society, Ellen just does what she thinks is right.\r\nWhen her servant goes out, she lends her own habilitate to her, ignoring others’ strange glances. To some degree, Ellen stands for the new trend in Old New York society. Her image symbolizes a assembly of â€Å"New Women” seeking for freedom and individuality who are influenced by different kinds of trends of thought in literary productions and art. However, Old New York society still has the predominate status and it is still hard to pass through its value orientation and moral standard. Thats why it is unsufferable for Old New York society to accept Ellen’s unique individuality. Old New York Society in The Age of Innocence In The Age of Innocence, the story is based upon the background of New York society in the 1870s. After the Civil War, America underwent considerable social changes. It was just in the age o f transformation to a new world from the old one. With the economic boost, the society changed to some extent. There were two rising groups patronage the traditional aristocrats. One was the newly arrived immigrants from Europe and African Americans from the South. The other one was the newly billeted classes with large possession but low social status.\r\nTo Old New York society, these two groups were the invaders and trespassers. Heedless of tradition, the newborn wealthiness and immigrants shocked Old New York society with there unfettered manners and their brash displays of wealth. However, it did not smashed that the conventions and the rituals would also change. At that time, the social conventions and the popularity of keeping calm down still dominated the society. People living in that circle were required to obey the rules and were forbidden to match against the setting rules.\r\nThat is to say, it was the particular time and place that individuality was shunned and a set of rituals and conventions were enforced. During that period, people with free ideas and seminal thinking were not welcomed by Old New York society. On the contrary, most members believed that they had the duty to follow the rules and conventions upheld by Old New York society, and few of them were able to get rid of them and take their lives into their own hands. 3. 1 The loving Values of Old New York Society In The Age of Innocence, Old New York society refers to the time of 1870s in New York.\r\nThough new ideas and betterment flourish throughout the international world of America, they have never penetrated the conventions of Old New York or changed its long ritual in any way. This aristocratic class tries its best to fight against creation and purpose. Isolated from the outside world, the society copies itself from generation to generation in its own way. In the novel, we often see children growing up in imitation of their parents. Henry and Louisa van de Luyden domi nate this Old New York society through their aristocratic European ancestry.\r\nMay Archer dies with fulfillment, leaving a daughter resembling her very much. Besides these characters, the public scenes also repeat themselves year after year. The opera circulates itself time of year after season and the diamond arrow won from the archery match is passed on to the children. Old New York society consists of prominent families. They are classified by hierarchy according to their blood lineage and financial capacity. Usually, the former one is much more important than the latter one. As a matter of fact, the mention of money is disturbing.\r\nThey talk about it and try to think about it as little as possible. Those new-rich without noble blood relation are usually looked down upon by those self-contained aristocrats. One of the most obvious diagnostic of Old New York society is the â€Å"gender judicial admission”. In the novel, many places are gender special: men go to thei r libraries talking about politics, pay and other burns after dinner while women use the dining room and the drawing room. In such a male-dominated Old New York society, woman always plays a role as decoration and property of husband and â€Å"the perfect wife and mother”.\r\nAnd the society is in favor of the girls who possess those feminine virtues such as modesty, purity, obedience, gracefulness and innocence. On the other hand, the society doesnt like those girls who pursue freedom and individuality. Another significant figure of Old New York society is the â€Å"dread of innovation”. People are reluctant to change and recognize those newly-born things as they may offend their existing conventions and rituals. They are used to those traditions which represent truth in their view. For them, new ideas are as dreadful and fierce as floods and savage beasts. 3. 2 Attitude toward Ellen’s Individuality\r\nAccording to the existing conventions and family purity, Old New York society regards Ellen as doubtful as mushrooms. Although she is born from the Mingott family, her orphans asylum and long-time living abroad makes her different from those typical New York girls such as May Welland. So Old New York society regards Ellen as an outsider and intruder to their circle. It is widely believed that those fossil New Yorkers like innocent young women more than sophisticated women. Ellen’s orphanage, her experience of living in Europe and her scandal with her Polish husband all challenge the acknowledgement of Old New York society.\r\nWhen Ellen first appears in front of everyone’s eyes, the whole society is shocked because they have never met such kind of woman with strong individuality. They are shocked by both her dressing and her behavior. The way of Ellen’s dressing arouses great disturbance to the upper-class of Old New York society. It is indicated from Leffert’s reaction, the foremost berth of the upper-class of Old New York society. When he sees Ellen at the first sight, he cries out â€Å"my god” and concludes that she could not be one of the Mingott because the Mingott would not dress in that way.\r\nIf Ellen’s dressing and behavior are appalling to Old New York society, then her decision to divorce might be the blockbuster to them. In Old New York society, it has double standard on the issue of marriage. To be more specific, it demands woman of her completely dedication to her husband and marriage while man is not required to obey so in the very(prenominal) level. When perfidiousness happens, it is always woman who is to blame. Although Ellen’s goalless marriage is due to her husband’s unfaithfulness, Leffert still finds it unsufferable of Ellen’s choice to divorce.\r\nSo when Ellen’s Grandma Mrs. Mingott holds a welcome party for her, he refuses to take part in. As Leffert effs high prestige and commands universal respect, other membe rs of the society all follow him and reject the invitation. As a result, no one appears at that party. The refusal to accept Ellen by the whole Old New York society reveals that all people are firmly in favor of conventions and against the nonconformity. In that case, social conformity is much weightier than the pursuit of personal felicity and freedom.\r\nIn 1870s, it is the time when Old New York society tries their best to exclude the outsiders because they are afraid of destroying their indestructible rituals. The flourish of bourgeoisie class forces the upper-class to plug their pace to assert the endangering conventions. For instance, the Van der Luydens are repeatedly required to support the existing rituals. For those New Yorkers, Ellen is in like manner foreign and fashionable, and thus her appearance is the potential bane to the conformity of their circle. She has stayed abroad for so long that they can hardly regard her as their comrade.\r\nHer unimaginable idea of d ivorce with her unfaithful husband is undoubtedly unacceptable to the upper-class. What’s more, Ellen’s spiritual â€Å"date” with Newland is another important reason that banishes her from Old New York society. It is her chance that Old New York society at that time is hypocritical and marble-hearted. 3. 3 Attitude toward May’s Innocence Unlike Old New York society’s attitude toward Ellen, May is always welcomed by this circle. In the upper-class of New York, people are more afraid of scandals and rumors than diseases because they think decency is much more important than individuality.\r\nIn their opinion, keeping stable, unchanged and being innocent, obedient is much weightier than pursuing personal fulfillment. living(a) in Old New York society since she was born, May is undoubtedly sincere, innocent and sensitive which is in harmony to the society: â€Å"In Old New York society the most salable woman, is the virginal child bride, May Wella nd, who is commodity demanded by a materialistic worldâ€â€a woman without soul, without self, distorted and twisted from her true nature into a marketable product. (Cerrito 1999, p. 372) As is mentioned above, May is the most salable woman in Old New York society, which means she is widely welcomed and accepted in that circle. The New York society needs this kind of conventional woman who is without any thought and imagination for change. Brought up by the society, May always obeys all the conventions held by this society and always satisfies the New York society’s and her family’s expectation. In other words, May is the model woman in patriarchal system in Old New York society.\r\nIn this society, it is regarded that women are the hyponymy of men and is required that women should be fully dependent on men. It is hard to imagine that women have the same rights as men. To this extent, May perfectly matches Old New York society, for â€Å"she is virtuous because she is incapable of temptation, competent because she is incapable of any deep perturbation, and willing to suit herself to the least decorousness of their world because she is incapable of understanding that there is anyplace anything larger or freer. ”(Carl 1920, p. 86) 4 Conclusion not as a â€Å"writer of manner” as some critics comment on Edith Wharton, she is an outstanding female writer who seeks for the true meaning of life. During her lifetime, she has devoted to keeping the balance between personal desire and social responsibilities. Although born in an aristocratic family in New York, Wharton dis secretives the limitations and demerits of her class in a rather poisonous way when she writes different novels. Among them, The Age of Innocence is one typical representative which has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize.\r\nWharton wrote The Age of Innocence not just about the lost love, but also about the profound distress caused by the demise of World War I and b y the deaths of her close friends such as Henry James and Howard Sturgis, all of which indicated that the former era had ended. This novel was written in 1920 when World War I had just finished. After that disaster, the world, especially the New York society, was out of order both materially and spiritually. Under the circumstances, Wharton was puzzled so that she unyielding to write a story with the settings in 1870s in Old New York society.\r\nCompared to the reality, Old New York society was much more stable. However, she was also aware that stable as it was, it would strangle all the personal fulfillment and freedom because of its social conventions and rituals. In the 1870s, though Old New York society has experienced great changes, it is not to say that the new social order is free of norms. It is a society which is frightened by change that it absolutely stands for obedience and innocence against creativity and individuality. At that time, women are never given the chance to enjoy economic independence like men.\r\nBesides, there are many conventions existing in Old New York society. Women are encouraged to play the role as â€Å"perfect wife and mother” and to tolerate the betrayal of their husbands. All in all, it is concluded that the core of the conventions and rituals in Old New York society is that woman should play passive roles in social affairs and should live for the whole family other than for her own happiness. It is represented in The Age of Innocence by the two protagonists May Welland and Ellen Olenska.\r\nIt is illustrated how Ellen’s individuality challenges the long-time accepted â€Å"innocence”, and how Old New York society sustains its rules and conventions by oppressing Ellen’s individuality and encouraging May’s obedience to â€Å"innocence”. As a representative of traditional woman in Old New York society, May obeys all the rules regulated by the patriarchal society. On the other hand, a s a representative of â€Å"New cleaning lady” in Old New York society, Ellen challenges the traditional woman’s role and tries to be the kind of women of rationality, independence and individuality.\r\nAs a result, it is concluded that through the contradiction between Ellen’s individuality and May’s â€Å"innocence”, the conventionality of society is much weightier than the pursuit of individuality in that given era, yet the individuals, especially women should step out their circumscribed roles to realize their unique identity. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Aaron, D 1995, ‘Three Old Women’, Queens Quarterly, pp. 633-639. [2] Benstock, S 1994, No Gifts from Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. [3] Carl, VD 1920, ‘An Elder America’, the Nation, November 3. [4] Cerrito & Joann & Laurie 1999, ultramodern American Literature, St.\r\nJames Press. [5] Cordasco, R 2008, ‘Listening to the communicatory Voice in the Pit and The Age of Innocence’, Studies in American Naturalism, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 60-78. [6] Dudovitz, RL 1900, The Myth of Superwoman: adult female’s Bestsellers in France and the United States, Routledge, London. [7] Gargono, WJ 1987, ‘Tableaux of Renunciation: Wharton’s Use of The Shaughran in The Age of Innocence’, Studies in American Fiction, vol. 15, pp. 1-11. [8] Holbrook, D 1991, Edith Wharton and the Unsatisfactory Man, St. Martin’s Press, New York. [9] Judith, F 1984, ‘Purity and Power in The Age of Innocence’, American Literary Realism, vol. 7, pp. 153â€68. [10] Klimasmith, B 2008, ‘Salvaging tale: Modern Philosophies of Memory and Time in The Age of Innocence’, American Literature, vol. 80, no. 3. [11] McWilliams, J 1990, ‘Wharton’s The Age of Innocence’, Explicator, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 268-70. [12] Preston, C 1999, Edith Wharton’s Social Register, Martin’s Press, New York. [13] Rousseau, J 1966, A Treatise on Education, Ginn Health, Boston. [14] Singley, CJ 1995, Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit, Cambridge University Press, New York. [15] Singley, CJ 2003, ‘Bourdieu, Wharton and Changing acculturation in The Age of Innocence’, Cultural Studies, May, vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 495-520. [16] Wharton, E 1996, The Age of Innocence, Bantam Dell, New York. ———————†[1] A phrase coined by Ward McAllister. It represents the number of people in New York who really mattered. [2] Roman Goddess Diana and Greek Goddess was the same person. She was the goddess of[3]Z^bh? ¤¦? ¬°Eou? [4]n€‚„†? S? Z? ’? z¤AAOoaU? U??????? U®U?? U????? €w€i`? `?? ®? ®? ®hybPCJ? o([pic]hu^ehybPCJOJ? o([pic]hY9lCJ? o([pic]hhYhybPCJ? o([pic]hybPhybPCJ? o([pic]hhYhybPCJ wild animals, wilderness and virginity.\r\n'

'Mercy Killing or Murder? Essay\r'

'It has been exactly peerless cal finishar month ag atomic number 53 your depict under bingles skin t sexagenarian you she has lavcer and it is inoper satiscircumstanceory. The amend confine her common chord months to live and told her that the croupecer would be re all toldy plaguy and would spread to her brain causing her to be very confused and disoriented. Now you stand before your mother, a mere shadow of the psyche she once was. She looks at you with tears in her eyes and asks you to do a couple of(prenominal)thing that you would neer dish out doing in a m liveryion years.\r\nYour mother that you love more than bread and butter itself has unsloped asked you to wait on her commit suicide. She tells you she can non stand the pain anymore and she can non persist to see the family stand around her crying, hoping and praying that she will get better knowing she will non… What would you scan to her? Would you or could you back up her? Would you ask the d octor to do it for you? These ar save a few questions nonpargonil would be faced with if go under into that situation. On one hand, you want to do whatever your mother tells you to do.\r\nHowever, on the other hand actually you would be committing discharge in the eyes of the law. mercy killing in my scene should be a indep windupence of choice because it professional personvides a way for man-to-mans to salvage extreme pain, it allows individual(a)s to better with dignity, and it frees up medical funds to help other individuals. Although, some whitethorn conclude that mercy killing would not save be for quite a little who argon terminally ill, it would manu particularure non-voluntary, and it would become a way of manner of health heraldic bearing cost containment.\r\nEuthanasia provides a way for individuals to relieve extreme pain. Many people fear the dawdling effects of chronic illness, when pain and the inability to go through one’s body reduce th e eccentric of sustenance (Kavanaugh). What person wants to live if their biography is zippo but pain from the time they wake up until they fall asleep. Most people who start these intent ending illnesses similarly have to heal with having to have someone gather in care of them twenty-four hours a twenty-four hour period, seven days a week. This is where most individuals recede what dignity they have.\r\nPoor mental health can be treated- medications, psychotherapy, etc. †whereas terminally ill individuals plagued with excruciating pain death is inevitable (Humphry). What mental of behavior is it to have someone do everything for you? Basically, these individuals are wish well life size dolls that have to be bathed, dressed, and consecrate by someone in order to live. on that point cannot be many individuals who want to live their be days on this earth in that situation. Euthanasia allows individuals to conk with dignity.\r\nWhen a person has no lineament of life, then they should be able to rent to die because it is unfair to force them to continue living (Smith). It is intelligible that someone would rather die than have to wearing diapers and have someone there that has to take it finish off and clean up after them. That is just one of the very many things that cause a person to lose their dignity. Human life is sacred it should not be degraded by reducing the lumber of life for the sake of extending the quality of life (Green). Family members also go through tremendous grief ceremonial their love one day after day suffer.\r\nMost individuals will tell you that after their loved one has passed away they are glad they are not suffering anymore. Euthanasia provides relief not only for the individual who is suffering, also for the family members who have to draw seeing their loved one suffer and go steady lay in utter embarrassment overdue to the fact that they cannot control their bodily functions anymore. Euthanasia frees up m edical funds to help other individuals. silver saved could be used towards saving people who can be or towards research into wherefore their condition cannot be cured (Flemming).\r\nDoctors could be on the brink of discovering a cure to a authorized illness but they cannot get the funding demand to continue their research because the money went to keep a few individuals alive(predicate) who were diagnosed with only a month to live. Is that fair to the parents of a five year old who is waiting for that research to be do so their son or daughter could be able to live a full life, grow old, and have children of their own? It would also help the financial substance that would occur on the remaining family members.\r\nAn individual staying in the hospital one month could accumulate charges in the tens of thousands of dollars. Millions of dollars of taxpayer’s money is spent keeping alive and caring for many people who are just waiting in hospitals to die (Humphry). Can you approximate the research doctors could do with that kind of money? per meet if a few of those who were diagnosed with only a month to live and wanted to end their life had the freedom to do so, doctors could use the money saved and put it towards finding a cure for whatever that individual was dying from.\r\nWho knows, maybe the coterminous person that came on with that illness would be cured due to the fact that a few certain individuals choose to end their lives by mercy killing. Euthanasia would not only be for people who are â€Å"terminally ill. ” The legalization of euthanasia would be devastating because it would have mentally ill and deject individuals that do have some hope of recovery wanting to end their lives (Weir 58). Individuals who are gloomy might at that very moment bet they want to end their life.\r\nNevertheless, what ab knocked out(p) a few days later when things do not face so awful. That individual may not choose euthanasia. Depression, in my opinion should not be a factor in someone wanting to end his or her life. The reason being is that when someone is depressed they may flavor resembling they do not want to live another day, but the next day they might intuitive feeling very different. That is the hassle with someone being diagnosed with depression. One day they may want to die, the next day they may feel like they are on top of the innovation and want nothing more than to live.\r\nAn article in the journal, Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, described euthanasia guidelines for those with a hopeless condition, â€Å"hopeless condition” was define to include terminal illness, severe physical or psychological pain, physical or mental enervation or deterioration, or a quality of life no longer acceptable to the individual (Braddock). How can any guidelines be set due to the fact that everyone’s idea of an acceptable quality of life is different?\r\nWhat you may think is a uncorrupted quality of life; another individual may think that if they had to live like that they would go insane. in that respect needs to be more research done on these guidelines before they are set in stone. Euthanasia can become a means of health care cost containment. Legalized euthanasia raises the likely for a profoundly dangerous situation in which doctors could find themselves far better off financially if a seriously ill or incapacitate person â€Å"chooses” to die rather than receive long health care (Smith).\r\nThis concept would put individuals and their families in an awkward position. Knowing you’re departure to die in only a matter of months, do you decide to go ahead and end your life knowing the money saved will help someone else, or do you tough it out waiting and hoping that some kind of miracle cure comes in the nick of time giving you another chance at life? Their doctors might course individuals with health maintenance organization’s into euthanasia becaus e HMO’s are all about making money (Dyck). No individual should be made to feel wrong about wanting to live, peculiarly by his or her insurance carrier or doctor.\r\nNo one should be pressured into making that closing especially when they are ill. Doctors take the Hippocratic Oath before they baffle to practice. They swear in this oath to protect life, not to try to end it. If doctors start being coursed by insurance carriers this would go against everything they are suppose to guess in. Some doctors in this world who are all about making money and the legalization of euthanasia would give those unscrupulous doctors the perfect opportunity to desexualize more money. Euthanasia will become non-voluntary.\r\n turned on(p) and psychological pressures could become overpowering for depressed or dependent people causing them to opt for euthanasia (Smith). If doctors start suggesting euthanasia to their patients, those patients may feel like the doctor knows what is best for t heir situation and actually consider euthanasia only because they feel like the doctor is pressuring them. Before the doctor suggested euthanasia, it was not even a considered by the patient. Doctors need to realize what kind of mold that they have over patients before they start suggesting euthanasia, especially when it comes to the elderly.\r\nMost elderly people feel as if their doctor that they have been with for years is some kind of â€Å"God” and will listen to and do just about whatever the doctor tells them. If the choice of euthanasia is considered as good as a decision to receive care, many people will feel guilty for not choosing death (Flemming). This is where euthanasia becomes a problem. Euthanasia goes against most people’s spiritual belief. However, if the doctor is telling them that it is ok, how are these elderly individuals going to be able to make a remedy decision?\r\nEuthanasia is a very abstruse topic, one with many doubts and unanswered qu estions. The question union needs to answer is not: is euthanasia morally permissible (it has tacitly conceded that it is), but which type of euthanasia is permissible, and under what conditions? The power to terminate life, at present, unaccompanied rests in the hands of the medical profession and is not exempt from misuse or abuse. Euthanasia should be a freedom of choice in my opinion, it not only provides individuals relief from extreme pain, it allows them to die with dignity, and it frees up medical funds to help others that are in need.\r\nHowever, some individuals may feel that euthanasia would not only be for people who are â€Å"terminally ill,” it would become non-voluntary, and it it would become a means of health care cost containment. I do not claim to hold the answers to the difficult questions euthanasia raises, nor do I claim to be a pro euthanasia lobbyist. However, I do believe that if an individual is terminally ill and feel that their quality of life i s not acceptable, he or she should have the right to choose to either let nature take its course, or choose euthanasia and die with dignity.\r\n rub down Cited\r\nBraddock, Clarence. Physician-Assisted Suicide, Ethics in Medicine. 11 Apr 2008 Univ. of Washington shallow of Medicine 19 Apr 2008 http://depts. washington. edu/bioethx/topics/pas. hypertext mark-up language Dyck, Arthur. Life’s Worth: The Case Against Assisted Suicide thrift and Society. AD 2000 16. 2 05 March 2003 http://www. ad2000. com. au/articles/2003/march2003p17_1281. html Flemming, Rebecca. â€Å"Suicide, Euthanasia and Medicine: Reflections ancient and Modern” economic system and Society. 34. 2 (2005) 295-321 Ebscohost. Hazard Community and Technical Coll. Lib, Hazard, Ky. 19 Apr. 2008\r\n'

'Essay Atheism\r'

'Atheism Atheism is the belief in the absence of god or gods and that death mark the end of an individual’s existence. Given that they do non believe in the existence of a god or gods, their ethical goals be unflinching by secular, or nonreligious, aims and concerns; they are in fatten control of their mickle. Most deists attri exactlye their history to the classic and Roman philosophers Epicurus, Democritus, and Lucretius. Even though they did not actually state that god or gods did not exist, they are considered the first Atheist writers. They merely stated that gods were not involved in the life of humans.However, Richard Dawkins is a long-familiar atheist and regarded as the father of modern Atheism. over the years, there was a rise in Atheist believers. Thomas Hobbes doubted the literal value of religious books in the 18th and 19th centuries, Ludwig Feuerbach believed that God was invented by humans, and in the late 19th century, it rose again delinquent to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and other scientific advancements that came around. The secularist movement, also in the 19th century, came nearly to uproot church involvement in state affairs. The modestnesss in arrears an individual’s beliefs in Atheism are usually individualised.M whatsoever may choose to follow it because they whole tone that other organized organized religions are illogical and that there is not enough support to prove the existence of any god or gods. Additionally, they feel that religion brings approximately struggle and separation and weaken human rights and oppose scientific research. In Atheism, they celebrate birth, conglutination, and death. Naming ceremonies welcome babies into the world and family and friends attend. When people get married, it is a non-religious join; it is extremely personal and reflects no religious rituals or any godly existence.All of their ceremonies are all personal and solidify their belief that th ey do not bind a bun in the oven gods or holy writings to dictate their lives or public/personal affairs. While researching Atheism, I was a little skeptical; I have not always heard the best closely atheists. The reason I picked this â€Å"religion”, or lack there-of, is because no one in class did a demonstration on it and I was disappointed. I know that what I knew about it was most likely all sloping opinion on a belief that some(prenominal) people hate. I was surprised at what I found and glad that I picked it. Atheism, I believe, is passing misunderstood, and hough followers do not have a belief in god or gods, they do, from what I understand, have faith. Faith in themselves. They believe in themselves to be strong enough to develop their take in good compass with out a guideline. I find that empowering. The way that they celebrate birth and marriage was beautiful in its own unique way. They change ein truththing, and that makes everything so much more intimat e and precious. I am not going to convert or anything like that, precisely I have real a deeper understanding for a belief that I had once held in contempt.I hate to say that, but I really did, and I am quick to announce that I have educated myself for the better. Candomble An African-Brazilian religion, Candomble has about two million followers. It is a combination of unhomogeneous beliefs, also known as a syncretical religion. It contains elements of Christianity, particularly of Catholicism, but at its core are the traditional African beliefs of Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu. Roughly translated, Candomble means â€Å" leap in honor of the gods”, which explains why dancing and harmony play such significant character references in this religion.They adoration God, or Oludumare, and deities called orixas that serve Oludumare. They express themselves through dance and music and have no holy scriptures. Its grow can date back to slavery generation in Brazil, and ever since t hen, it has develop into a very popular religion there, namely in Salvador da Bahia. Some followers want to rid the religion of its Christian â€Å"taint” and return it to its uncorrupted form. In Candomble, good and bad does not exist but bad acts do have their consequences.Each persons goal is to reach and carry out their own individual destiny which is controlled by the orixas. Orixas can be defined as ancestors, both recent and ancient. They are also regarded as liven ups that can connect humans to the spirit world. A person’s personality is a reflection of his or her own orixa. A gathering or orixa’s are called Baba Egum, who regulate the moral code or guarantee the continuity of ethical motive from one generation to the next. In Candomble, worship takes holding in the form of dances and songs, which allow the orixa’s to bow their body.Both priests and priestesses lead them. Women play a significant role; women who are called â€Å"mothers of t he holy one” lead work and train others to become priestesses. Temples, or terreiro, are their saintly places of worship and they have indoor and outdoor sections and designated places for the gods. Candomble is a very spiritual religion that solidified its beliefs season being pressed down by the shackles of slavery. I did not intend to do my second religion on Candomble, but when I stopped to opinion at it, I absolutely caught my interest.I liked how the orixa’s could link humans to the spirit world; I have always been interested in that mixed bag of stuff. I found this religion to be enliven and exciting because it is an oral religion and so there are no written scriptures or books. I find it exciting because it is so highly center on dance and music; more so than any other religion that I have come across. I cannot say that I had a biased opinion when coming into this religion, because I did not even know it existed. I enjoyed learning about it and from what I understand; the followers are very enthusiastic about their religion and remembering their ancestors.\r\n'

'An Autocratic Leadership Style Essay\r'

'1. mental institution\r\n1.1 OBJECTIVE:-\r\n compulsory ensue, too kn give up as authoritarian attr exploition institutionalize, is a drawship air characterized by individual reas sure as shooting everywhere altogether ends and inadequate stimulant from host members. supreme drawing cards typic solelyy disembowel choices based on their own ideas and judgments and seldom accept advice from fol get downs. dominating data track involves absolute, authoritarian chequer over a assort. The objective of doing this project is to see to it lordly leading name in detail.\r\n1.2 prenomen OF THE r self-importancerge:-\r\nThe title of the project is bossy leading way of life history\r\n controlling describes a way of ruling, hardly non in a nice way. An lordly drawing card is genius who rules with an iron fist; in any(prenominal)(prenominal) recent(prenominal) words †close to iodine with the behaviour of a dictator. In an coercive drawship z eal, the person in charge has entire bureau and attend over decision crawfish a shit. By merit of their position and officiate responsibilities, they non simply control the efforts of the aggroup, save supervise them for completion â€oft convictions low finis examination This direction is reminiscent of the earlier tribes and empires. Obviously, our historical consummation toward democracy brings a electr 1gative con nonation to autocracy, plainly in some maculations, it is the to the eminentest degree appropriate vitrine of lead.\r\nThat, of course, doesn’t mean a blank hold to ignore the n primal organismness of his subordinate. In an lordly drawship path, the person in charge has descend place and control over decision devising. By virtue of their position and job responsibilities, they not unaccompanied control the efforts of the squad, precisely monitor them for completion â€often on a lower floor close scrutiny This panache i s reminiscent of the earliest tribes and empires. Obviously, our historical movement toward democracy brings a negative connotation to autocracy, except in some authoritys, it is the virtu eithery appropriate type of leadinghip. That, of course, doesn’t mean a blank check to ignore the comfortablybeing of his subordinate.\r\n1.2 LAYOUT OF THE PROJECT:-\r\na. mental institution\r\nb. Types of leading Styles\r\nc. exacting leading Style\r\nd. Characteristics of Autocratic loss drawing cards Style\r\ne. When to hire Autocratic loss leaders Style\r\nf. Prone and corns of Autocratic leading Style\r\ng. Case Study\r\nh. Recommendation\r\ni. out postdate\r\nj. Bibliography\r\n1.4 LITERATURE:-\r\nFor my project I hurt referred:-\r\nhttp://www. lead-toolbox.com/ supreme- leaders.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian_leaders_ fashion\r\nhttp://www.action-wheel.com/ arrogant-leaders- trend.html http://psychology. about(predicate).com/od/leadership/f/ high-a nd-mighty-leadership.htm http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/ authoritarian\r\nhttp://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html\r\nhttp://www.thesun solar daytimeindian.com/en/story/authoritarian-leadership-the-secret-behind-steve-jobs-success/33963/\r\n1.5 METHOD OF DATA exhibition:-\r\n in that location atomic number 18 basically 2 methods of search descriptive METHOD AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD. In my befuddle I forget be using DESCRIPTIVE method. Secondary data method will be utilisation for doing this project. Secondary data would the in defecate a shitation ingathering from the articles, internet, and books. After collecting that I boast recommended variation of cause and effect.\r\n2. Types of Leadership\r\nLeadership fashion is the vogue and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and do throng. As seen by the employees, it complicates the total pattern of explicit and implicit actions realise outed by their leader (Newstrom, Davis, 1993). The fi rst major(ip) adopt of leadership calls was performed in 1939 by Kurt Lewin who led a group of investigateers to pick out diverse styles of leadership (Lewin, Lippit, White, 1939). This early call for has watched preferably influential as it established the three major leadership styles: (U.S. Army, 1973): authoritarian or unconditional †the leader tells his or her employees what to do and how to do it, without getting their advice participative or democratic †the leader includes one or to a hugeer extent employees in the decision making process, moreover the leader normally maintains the final decision making authority Delegative or laissez-fair †the leader allows the employees to view as the decisions, however, the leader is all the aforementioned(prenominal) responsible for the decisions that argon made Although ingenuous leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominant, spoiled leaders tend to stick with the one style, normally au tocratic.\r\nAUTHORITARIAN OR AUTOCRATIC leadership\r\nI inadequacy both of you to. .\r\nThis style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want by and how they want it obtained, without getting the advice of their chase. Some of the appropriate conditions to use this style is when you take in all the information to answer the problem, you ar footling on magazine, and/or your employees argon well motivate. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using abase language, and leading by threats. This is not the authoritarian style, quite it is an abusive, unprofessional style called â€Å"bossing people around.” It has absolutely no place in a leader’s repertoire. The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rargon occasions. If you moderate the conviction and want to gain to a greater extent commitment and demand from your employees, then you should use the participative style.\r\nParticipative or Democratic L eadership\r\nLet’s give-up the ghost together to solve this. . .\r\nThis style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a call attention of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other split. A leader is not evaluate to know eachthingâ€this is why you employ companionshipable and sure-handed people. Using this style is of mutual benefit as it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to move over mend decisions.\r\nDelegative or individualism Leadership\r\nYou two scoot c atomic number 18 of the problem while I go. . .\r\nIn this style, the leader allows the employees to excite the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions tha t be made. This is used when employees are able to discerp the situation and determine what call for to be do and how to do it. You mountainnot do everything! You must tog priorities and allot certain trade union movements. This is not a style to use so that you atomic number 50 blame others when things go wrong, rather this is a style to be used when you amply trust and have confidence in the people below you. Do not be acrophobic to use it, however, use it wisely! NOTE: Laissez-faire (or lais·ser faire) is the non-interference in the affairs of others. [French : laissez, second person pl. imperative form of laisser, to let, allow + faire, to do.]\r\nTransactional Leadership Style\r\nThe transactional style of leadership was first described by Max weber in 1947 and then later described by Bernard Bass in 1981. Mainly used by attention, transactional leaders centralize their leadership on motivating followers through a system of rewards and punishments. There are two factors which form the basis for this system, detail Reward and management-by-exception. Contingent Reward Provides rewards, materialistic or psychological, for effort and recognizes good implementation. precaution-by-Exception allows the leader to maintain the view quo. The leader intervenes when subordinates do not meet bankable performance levels and initiates corrective action to remediate performance.\r\nManagement by exception helps disgrace the workload of managers being that they are only called-in when workers deviate from course. This type of leader identifies the needs of their followers and gives rewards to satisfy those needs in ex substitute of certain level of performance. Transactional leaders focus on increasing the efficiency of established routines and procedures. They are more cin one caserned with following existing rules than with making changes to the presidency. A transactional leader establishes and standardizes practices that will help the organizat ion reach: Maturity\r\nGoal-setting\r\nEfficiency of operation\r\n change magnitude yieldivity.\r\nEffect on work teams survey through by Jun Liu, Xiaoyu Liu and Xianju Zeng on the correlation of transactional leadership and how innovations can be affected by team emotions. The explore was composed of 90 work teams, with a total of 460 members and 90 team leaders. The check put up that at that place is a relationship between emotions, labor demeanour and transactional leadership that affect for the team. Depending on the level of emotions of the team; this can affect the transactional leader in a positive or negative way. Transactional leaders work mitigate in teams where thither is a lower level of emotions going into the project. This is because individuals are able to touch freely when setting their emotions aside from their work. Have all of their focus on the given task.\r\nA transactional leader is:\r\nNegatively affected when the aflame level is high.\r\npositively affected when the emotional level is low.\r\nTransactional leadership presents a form of st charge per unitgic leadership that is central for the organizations development. Transactional leadership is essential for team innovativeness.\r\nTransformational Leadership Style\r\nA transformational leader is a type of person in which the leader is not limited by his or her followers’ perception. The main objective is to work to change or transform his or her followers’ needs and redirect their thinking. Leaders that follow the transformation style of leading, challenge and inspire their followers with a moxie of purpose and excitement.[10] They withal constitute a resource of what they aspire to be, and communicate this idea to others (their followers). According to Schultz and Schultz, thither are three identified characteristics of a transformational leader:\r\nCharismatic leadership has a broad knowledge of line, has a self-promoting in the flesh(predicate)ity, high/great energy level, and free to harbor lay on the line and use irregular strategies in order to stimulate their followers to think independently Individualized consideration\r\nIntellectual stimulation\r\n3. Autocratic Leadership Style\r\n2.1 BACKGROUND\r\nAuthoritarian leaders are commonly referred to as autocratic leaders. They turn in clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. There is alike a clear disunite between the leader and the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with brusque(p) or no input signal from the reprieve of the group. Authoritarian leaders uphold stiff control over their followers by immediately regulating rules, methodologies, and actions. Authoritarian leaders construct gaps and condition distance between themselves and their followers with the intention of evinceing delight inment distinctions. This type of leadership dates grit to the earliest tribes and em pires.\r\nIt is often used in present day when there is little style for error, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as building jobs or manufacturing jobs. Authoritarian leadership typically fosters little creativity in decision-making. Lewin as well as found that it is more difficult to move from an authoritarian style to a democratic style than from a democratic form to an authoritarian form of leadership. Abuse of this style is unre sexual conquestably viewed as controlling, bossy and dictatorial. Authoritarian leadership is outdo utilise to situations where there is little time for group discussion.\r\n3.2 Views of Autocratic Leaders\r\nA common intuitive feeling of many another(prenominal) authoritarian leaders is that followers invite direct super dream at all times or else they would not operate trenchantly. This belief is in accordance with one of Douglas McGregor’s philosophical views of humankind, opening X. This surmise proposes that it is a leader’s mapping to coerce and control followers, because people have an immanent aversion for work and will abstain from it whenever possible. surmise X as well as postulates that people must be compelled through force, intimidation or authority, and controlled, directed, or be with punishment in order to get them to accomplish the organisational needs. In the minds of authoritarian leaders, people who are left to work autonomously will ultimately be sleeveless. â€Å"Examples of authoritarian communicative behaviour include a police officer directing traffic, a instructor ordering a student to do his or her grant, and a supervisor instructing a subordinate to wanton a workstation.”\r\nCommunication Patterns of Authoritarian Leadership:\r\nDownward, one-way dialogue (i.e. leaders to followers, or supervisors to subordinates) Controls discussion with followers\r\nDominates interaction\r\nIndependently/unilaterally sets policy and procedures\r\n one at a time directs the com pletion of tasks\r\nDoes not offer constant feedback\r\nRewards biddable obedient behavior and punishes erroneous actions Poor tender\r\nUses conflict for individual gain\r\nWays to in good order Incorporate Authoritarian Leadership:\r\nAlways relieve rules- it allows your subordinates to complete the task you want done efficiently Be consistent- if you are to enforce rules and regulations, make sure to do so regularly so your subordinates communicate you seriously. This will form a stronger level of trust. look on your subordinates †ceaselessly know your subordinates efforts and getments Educate your subordinates before enforcing rules †do not present them with any surprises. This can lead to problems in the future due to false parleys. harken to suggestions from your subordinates sluice if you do not incorporate them\r\n cause of Authoritarian Leadership Communication Styles: Increase in productivity when leader is present\r\nProduces more finish solutions wh en leaser is knowledgeable Is more positively accepted in larger groups\r\nEnhances performance on simple tasks and decreases performance on complex tasks Increases aggression levels among followers\r\nIncreases swage rates\r\nSuccessful when there is a time urgency for completion of projects Improves the future work of those subordinates whose skills are not very applicable or encouraging without the demands of another\r\nExample:-\r\nAdolf Hitler was extremely authoritarian. He necessary the population of the Third Reich to accept everything that he verbalise as absolute law, and was able to impose a death sentence on anyone who failed to do so. Hitler was haunt with being in control, and with being the alpha masculine in a rigid male agency hierarchy.\r\nCharacteristics of Autocratic Leadership\r\nThe major autocratic leadership style characteristics include: 1. The autocratic leader retains all berth, authority, and control, and reserves the right to make all decisions. 2 . Autocratic leaders distrust their subordinate’s ability, and closely supervise and control people under them. 3. Autocratic leaders involve themselves in expand daily activities, and rarely delegate or em berth subordinates. 4. The autocratic leader adopts one-way communication. They do not ask with subordinates or give them a chance to stick out their opinions, no matter the potential benefit of such inputs.\r\n5. Autocratic leadership assumes that employee motivation comes not through empowerment, but by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. 6. Autocratic leaders get work done by issuing threats and punishments and evoking timidity. 7. The primary concern of autocratic leaders reposes dealing with the work at hand and not on developmental activities. 8. Autocratic leaders assume full function and take full credit for the work.\r\nAdvantages of Autocratic Leadership Style\r\nthe autocratic style is one of the about recognized forms of directive lea dership. At first, the style seems to contradict many innovative work environments that emphasize teamwork, group input and shared decision-making. However, certain conditions and specific industries, such as the military, manufacturing and construction, thrive when a leader takes tight control and makes most of the decisions, according to Leadership-Toolbox. Even so, the most effective autocratic leaders remember to communicate task expectations and to respect their followers.\r\nEasy to Learn\r\nThe autocratic, or â€Å"do this or else,” type of leadership is intuitive, easy to figure and does not require specialized training or knowledge of leadership theory, according to Leadership-Toolbox. Autocratic leaders do not have to worry about recognizing and doing to followers’ emotions or try to meet unlike motivational needs of group members.\r\nControl\r\n unplayful work environments or situations requiring complicated tasks with no room for error, such as safety i nspections, prosper under autocratic leadership since each depends on control. In addition, companies may turn to autocratic leadership for pressing short-term results, according to Money-Zine. For prototype, employees working through a federation crisis may need one authoritative leader to call the shots and ensure tasks are completed correctly.\r\nGood for In recognised or Unmotivated Workers\r\nDepending on the industry, new employees may need specific instruction manual and close follow-up until they learn the job, according to Leadership-Toolbox. The autocratic leadership style is also good for low-skilled tasks, such as directing employees to make copies or data file papers. In addition, according to LeadershipExpert, bosses may need to use the â€Å"do it or else” type of autocratic leadership to ensure that unmotivated employees complete their assigned tasks.\r\nAutocratic leadership stools a centralized chain of master with heavy involvement of the leader in all gamuts of operations. This leads to the formation of a hub and spoken type of organizational structure that helps in many ways, such as: Getting things done quickly\r\nImproving communication and logistics.\r\nBetter response to changes in the external environment\r\nPutting forth a more incorporated approach toward fulfilling organizational goals Anticipating problems in advance, and better acknowledgement of consequences of an action by one section on other sections Proponents of the autocratic leadership style counseling it as an ideal method to extract high performance from employees without putting them under stress. They insist the close supervision and monitoring leads to a red-hot charge per unit of work with less s inadequacy, where the leader assumes full function for the decisions and actions, ultimately creating reduced stress for subordinates.\r\nDrawbacks of the Autocratic Leadership Style\r\nIncreased Work Burden\r\nSince they take full responsibility for team decisions and retread of a team’s work, autocratic leaders are extremely busy, which can lead to high stress and til now wellness problems, according to LeadershipExpert. Other leadership styles, such as participative or democratic, distribute some of the decision-making to certain group members.\r\nBad for Highly experienced and Motivated Workers\r\nFew people like to be told what to do, in special(prenominal) those who are already intrinsically motivated and understand the task at hand, according to Leadership Expert. An autocratic leader facing this type of group will dampen morale and will reduce his team’s creativity and productivity.\r\nAutocratic leaders in this situation may not make the best decisions since they lack the group input from team members who have experience and skills. In addition, members of Generation Y, workers innate(p) in the mid-1970s to 1990s, usually do not respond well to autocratic leadership, according to Leadership Expert.\r\nLead er Dependence\r\nThe autocratic style is most effective when the leader is present, according to Leadership Expert. Unlike the transformational style of leadership where followers become self-motivated to complete tasks, once the autocratic leader is gone, there is no see to it that team members will keep working. The advantages of autocratic leadership notwithstanding, this leadership style has born the brunt of heavy unfavorable judgment in the last three decades, where the move toward systems thinking and empowering people have led to the perception of â€Å"autocratic” and â€Å"centralized command” as negative and unsuitable traits. surmise Y, the antithesis of system X assumes that ambitious and self-motivated employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties.\r\nSuch employees stimulate the ability for creative problem solving, but most organizations under-utilize their talents. Theory Y holds that employees seek and accept responsibility and exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives, provided the conditions remain congenial for such an approach. The autocratic leadership style remains wholly contrastive for such Theory Y oriented workforces and does not rank among the modern leadership styles in a changing sphere.\r\nCriticisms Levied Against Autocratic Leadership\r\nThe major criticisms levied against autocratic leadership include the following: 1. Contrary to claims of close supervision with precise instructions to reduce stress and improve productivity, research suggests that such actions actually unmotivate employees, and cause them to becoming tense, fearful, or resentful. 2. Lack of involvement from the employee in the decision making process leads to employees not assuming ownership of their work, add to low morale, lack of commitment, and manifesting in high turnover, absenteeism, and work stoppage. 3. The heavily centralized command of autocratic leadership style ensures that the system de pends entirely on the leader. If the leader is strong, capable, competent, and bonny, the organization functions smoothly, and if the leader is weak, incompetent, or has low good and moral standards, the entire organization suffers for the sake of a single leader. 4. All power vested with the leader leads to risk of leaders with low moral fiber exploiting employees, folly in favoritism and discrimination, and the like.\r\n5. Weak autocratic leaders tend to take decisions based on ego rather than sound management principles, and punish employees who refuse to disagree with such decisions. 6. The leader reserving the right to make all decisions leads to subordinates becoming heavily dependent on the leader. The team thereby becomes useless in test operations if they lose contact with their leader, and absence of the leader leads to total collapse and shutdown of operations. 7. The one sided communication flow in an autocratic leadership style re unappeasables the creative and lea dership skills of the employees and prevents their development. This harms the organization as well, for the employees remain incapable of assuming greater responsibilities, or to perform anything outside the routine. 8. The autocratic leader, by taking all responsibility and involved heavily in day to day operations, remains forced to work at full capacity, leading to stress and other health problems. 9. Autocratic leaders usually remain unpopular and damage working relationships with colleagues. This leadership style is unsuited to build trusting relationships.\r\nApplication of Autocratic Leadership Style\r\nA critique of autocratic leadership style reveals that it remains best suited in certain situations such as: 1. Occasions when the situation requires a strong centralized control with detailed orders and instructions, such as in the military or during surgery. 2. When leading an extremely large group, such as in assembly line factories, where the wide sail of control not onl y makes it impossible but also counterproductive to elicit the views of all employees. 3. When followers are new or inexperienced, or lack the qualifications, skills, or talent to respond to any participative leadership styles, or remain unmotivated, and non committed workers. 4. During occasions of contingencies, emergencies and other situations warranting on the spot decisions.\r\n5. When dealing or negotiating with external agencies or departments. The autocratic leadership style on the whole remains a short-term or quick fix approach to management. The ability to make decisions faster, while helping the organization in the short term, actually unskills the workforce leading to poor decision-making force and productivity in the long run. This leadership style survives by default because it comes naturally to most leaders, especially in times of low morale or insubordination.\r\nCase Study Business Leadership †A Study on Steve Jobs\r\nExecutive Summary\r\nThis assignment att empts to study the leadership of Steve Jobs. A visionary innovator, a grocerying guru and an autocratic leader admired by many. The first part of the assignment will study and analyse how Jobs leadership is similar to the traits and models found in textual matterbooks. Jobs is analysed by using McGregor’s theory X & Y. Jobs leadership traits and skills are compared with Stogdill’s theory while also looking at how Jobs applie contingency theory. The reports studies how Jobs changed orchard apple tree’s direction from an hurt fellowship to a consumer giant. When Jobs speaks, everybody stops and listens to him, be it a meeting or a Worldwide Developer Conference. Jobs just had the charisma to capture people’s attention. Jobs autocratic leadership style was accepted by his employees, some may not have liked it but they stood with him and the company and never regretted their decision. The study also found Jobs to be a meticulous perfectionist.\r\nJobs never approves a product without fully testing them, him being a beta tester for all of apple’s product had made sure apple de soundred what the securities industry valued. The second part of this study is set to look at the contrarietys and compare the leadership skills of Steve Jobs, Michael Dell and bloom Gates. Jobs’ leadership skills were different from both Dell and Gates. Jobs lead orchard apple tree to its height with his own flair. His leadership style and character was unique and at times seems improper but it has brought only positive gravelth to apple and its employees. All three of them are iconic leaders, brought packaging to the organization they founded and strive for nothing lesser than the best. Finally, the study suggests and recommends what Jobs could have adopted to be a better leader.\r\nBackground of apple Inc\r\nThe corporate history of Apple Inc is considered as a history of passion. It was begun by a pair of Stevens, i.e. Steven Wo zniak and Steven Jobs together with Ronald Wayne, who combined their professional skills to create Apple Computer on 1st April 1976 with the wall socket of the Apple I, the first Apple computer, in the same year. Since the establishment, Apple has been focusing on the consumer electronics, computer software, and own(prenominal) computers and the best-known products include Iphone, Ipad, macintosh line of computers and other hardware and software products. And according one of the most recent brand study carried out by the global brands agency Millward Brown, Apple has overtaken Google as the world’s most valuable brand (Bbc.co.uk 2011).\r\nIntroduction to Steve Jobs\r\nA revolutionary leader, an innovator of applied science and a charismatic master showman, is the words that can be used to describe Steve Paul Jobs. Jobs has portrayed bonny examples of leadership throughout his career. Being a immature boy, he was attracted to electronic gadgets. Jobs has always been exp loring way to improve technology. His ideas was said to be impossible and impractical has prove many critics and even his employees wsrong (Elliot, 2011a). Throughout his career he has influenced many leaders to join his team of innovative work force, namely John Scully, Jay Elliot, Andy Hertzfeld, Larry Tessler and Bob Belleville (Elliot, 2011b).\r\nDuring his teen life, the love for technology brought him and Steve Wozniak together. The duo later went on to start Apple (Isaacson, 2011a). Jobs has then lead Apple, contiguous and Pixar to their peak bringing futuristic inventions. Jobs was a great marketer, captivating millions of audience each time he is delivering a speech. Barrack Obama describes Jobs as a visionary, and amongst the superior innovators of America (Whitehouse.gov, 2011).\r\nSteve Jobs’ leadership styles do match the theories from the text books and documented papers. Most of his qualities and traits if not all are linked to the theories from the text bo oks. There are a small number of traits and qualities found in his leadership that opposes to the theories of text books but Jobs has managed to use his charisma and leadership skills to lead his followers and make them successful. McGregor and Gershenfeld (2006) have explained Theory X and Y Managers.\r\nAppendix 2 shows the difference between Theory X and Theory Y individuals. Jobs is a Theory X manager, being self centred, emphasizing total control and inducing fear (Stewart, 2010). Jobs believes the expenditure of physical and mental effort is as natural as play or rest, this is seen his act of forming a team of talented and dedicated.\r\nWilliam, Mchugh & Mchugh, (2006) states that autocratic leaderships mean making managerial decisions without consulting others. Jobs held on to his authorities, makes decision and expects his employees to follow them without being questioned. Jobs also monitors that his instruction are followed by his employees. The autocratic leadership st yle has helped Apple to make quick decision and have an organized flow of activities. Job autocratic style is well balanced by his charismatic leadership, on a rare sight Jobs was also seen giving powdered ginger talk to an underperforming staff and subsequently inspiring him. Jobs was always trying to do his best for the betterment of the product and company and that went on to make Apple the company with the lowest staff turnover rates among technology firms. Jobs have portrayed self-directions to achieve committed objectives to his employees and he demanded the same from them.\r\nElliot (2011d) states that Jobs has demanded 16 hours work shift Monday to sunshine from his mall team of developers and engineers, Jobs also would tell them not to bother coming to work on Monday if they did not turn up on weekends. Since young, Jobs was known by his parents and acquaintance for his creativity, high level ingenuity and imagination, even his pranks as a growing teenager. Jobs was also persuasive, during his counterpunch to Apple in 1997, he did several review sessions with the product team and detect stakeholders. And upon completing them he has ordered all other products to be scratch and to focus on his suggestion of new products consisting 4 quadrants labelled as consumer, pro, desktop and portable (HBR, 2012). Jobs’ power of influence was enormous, not only to the consumer but also his impact to other CEO’s. His influential power and leadership skills can be clearly seen when he advised Larry Page to only focus on five products at a time and cast off the rest. Larry Page took his advice and told his employees to focus on Google+ and Android (HBR, 2012).\r\nThis had proven favourable to Google. As of 1st quarter of 2012, 59% of smart phones shipped are Google’s’ Android supply run system (Forbes, 2012a), Appendix 4 shows the market share of mobile phone by run system. There is nothing that is less important for Jobs. The pr actice of a product and its functionality is as important as the way a worker at an Apple store treats its customers. Jobs demonstrates this by going to one particular store in Pasadena to inspect the new cover work, being a perfectionist, Jobs wasn’t pleased with the tiles and also the workmanship. He ordered the work crew to overstretch up the flooring and demanded a complete retrace (Elliot, 2011f). Jobs perfectionist attitude was also seen during his takeover of Pixar. During the production of tamper Story, Jobs felt that the storyline was not great comme il faut and stopped the production for 5 calendar months. While Jobs and his affectionateness team reworked the story line, Job paid the rest of the crew to do nothing for 5 month (Jobs, 2008).\r\nJobs portrays the traits of a traditional transactional leader, Jobs uses his authority and power of his leadership to use followers to complete his task (Burns, 1978). This is seen when Jobs took over the macintosh deve lopment team after being kicked off Lisa. Jobs took over the team with no notice, he added new people to the group, called meeting and setting new directions. Despite the usage of lineboard to command the instrument, Jobs wanted a control device to move the cursor, to click, drag and reveal a list of options, the team was not told how, but they knew only what Jobs wanted Jobs is full of ambition and achievement, when Jobs was sack from his own company by John Scully, a leader that Jobs handpicked, Jobs started Pixar, with his leadership and marketing skills, Jobs later exchange Pixar to Disney for USD 7.5 billion in 2006 (Anon, 2008). Jobs was also responsible for his action, when the Mac was almost completed for launch, Jobs told his engineers to remove the fan from the machine because it was too noisy and asked it to be improvised.\r\nThe engineers went on to ship the Mac without cooling fan and upon launching the Mac had overheating problems. Jobs took responsibility and wen t on to improvise the contrive and successfully made a quiet operating machine Managing change is often an unpleasant situation to be in for any human being. kick ining(a) to Apple after a decade, Jobs turned an ail company to a company with stock paygrade of USD 600 billion (CNN Money, 2012). Rogers, (1986) suggest individual generally can be divided into 5 categories consisting innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. Jobs was only interested in the innovators and early adopter to a certain extent.\r\nJobs achieved this by selecting and motivating his own management team, some of his management team members are his followers from previous company. Jobs told them to create innovative products and to think out of the box. He wanted the products to stand out from the current market offerings (CNN Money, 2008). all situation is subjective and needs a personal influence of the leader. Jobs practised empowerment in his leadership, Jobs coaches his cor e team, counselled them, motivated them and at the same time was strict to them. Jobs has powerful people skills. Elliot, (2011j) justified this by express Apple has the lowest staff turnover rate in the industry.\r\nLeadership behaviours of Steve Jobs\r\nIn the early time before Steve Jobs left Apple, he led the company using a laissez-faire(prenominal) leadership style that was believed to contribute the creation of the technology-based products and many of which proved to be quite successful because of the environment brought by the laissez-faire leadership style and such environment did upgrade the creativity of the employees (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor 2011, p.170). But there are also constrains of using laissez-faire leadership such as that it is confirmed as being committed with the reason for low productivity (Bass, B. M., Bass, R. & Bass, R. R. 2008, p.451). As for Apple, the laissez-faire leadership style of Steve Jobs become to some extent ineffective and had made the company in disadvantage when competing with IBM after IBM’s entry into the PC market. And this was one of the key reasons why Jobs was replaced by the operose John Scully who was known as a top-down decision maker (Clemens & Meyer 1987).\r\nAnd after his return to Apple in 1996 when Apple announced that it would procure NeXT, Steve Jobs’ new company for $429 million, Steve Jobs came with the leadership with some differences. He still requested for perfection and he was artful and demanding which his employees described as â€Å"autocratic” but such autocratic leadership was focusing on the key project as himself was quoted saying that â€Å"My job is to not be easy on people. My job is to make them better. My job is to pull things together from different parts of the company and clear the ways and get the resources for the key projects” (Kramer 2010).\r\nThough laissez-faire leadership style and autocratic leadership behavior seems to be contra dicting, they do co-exist in Steve Jobs’s management practices as the CEO of Apple which people explained as Steve Job is having a individualised leadership which federal agency that his leadership behaviors serves primarily his own interests and obviously money is not the most important thing that he cares about resulting in his only focusing on the key projects in his vision leaving his other leadership roles untouched.\r\nRecommendations for Steve Jobs\r\nJobs was a visionary, an example of great leader. Below are suggestion and recommendations how Jobs could have been a better leader. Jobs dedicated his life to work and his duty as a CEO. He lacked emotional intelligence, he does not care how others feel and does not want to listen to them talking anything else besides work. He only listened to their ideas and how it can help Apple grow (Kahney, 2008b). Davenport, (2008) described Jobs as corporate dictator who makes every decision, up to the extent of the food being se rved in cafeteria. Jobs should have opened himself to suggestion and improvement plans by his employees, this will not only help faster solve environment but also green groceries a better environment for the employees. Jobs classifies everyone into only two categories, it’s either a 3 physical body IQ person or someone who does not measure up. Jobs should not stereotype people neither judge them without giving them a chance.\r\nJobs was a feared in Apple, employees would stammer while speaking to him, this does not means they aren’t smart or they are unproductive but this is due to the image Jobs has created for himself. However, this has also created a cult like devotion of Apple employees towards Jobs. Jobs could have been a more honest man, as this also reflects to his leadership, and as a leader it is never a good publicity to be caught lying or cheating as this reflects for a long time, in Jobs scenario, two significant examples which is still being discussed is when Jobs denied paternity, claiming he was sterile and infertile, this has made Lisa, the women he impregnate to live out of welfare (CNN Money, 2008) and another one is when Jobs lied to his partner, Wozniak when they successfully created a game call open frame for Atari, Jobs was given a bonus of $5000 but Jobs only told Wozniak they received $750 (Businessweek, 2006).\r\nJobs is also known for being short tempered and using abusive language to his employees, he often scolds them and uses foul languages, (CNN Money, 2011). This does not promote a conducive environment to work in as Jobs scolds his employees in public and in front of their subordinates. This also will lead to low morale in individual and possible scenario of resignation. Jobs also should portray good qualities not only as a avocation leader but also as a good human being. Not giving back to the society is something of Jobs’s perception and decision. Kahney, (2008c) has mentioned that Jobs likes to park at handicapped spot and at times even taking up to 2 spots. Kahney even had a few photographs of Jobs’s parking etiquette. Leaders are meant to be followed, but by portraying bad examples and contrary moral practices defeats the purpose of a leader.\r\n goal\r\nJobs was a transformational leader, he brought change to Apple, challenged the stakeholders and demanded his employee’s to achieve impossible goals (Bryant, 2003). His autocratic leadership style was different from the other leaders. He was a demanding perfectionist and never took no for an answer. Steve grew up in an average family environment but he achieved what very few can come close to. His perseverance and never say no attitude has brought him and Apple to an unimaginable height. His leadership was deemed dehydrated by some critics but Jobs did not take the critics instead went to prove them wrong.\r\nThis study has analysed the traits and leadership eccentric of Jobs, compared him with leaders in Informa tion Technology field and to critically analyse them. Jobs has dedicated his entire life to technological improvement, his research and development in Apple is never ending vouching for improvement and delivering the best experience for both commercial and corporate users. His diverse pilgrimage in different fields proves that Jobs is not a quitter and will not failure affect him one bit. Jobs would come back from a fall stronger than ever.\r\nThis study also has proven that Jobs is not only a genius creator, but a visionary leader and a marketing guru. His advertising and promotional campaigns have never failed to create another benchmark. His presentation and speeches has equanimous another humongous group of followers magnetise by his session. Marketing and public relation organizations have started to develop training courses to dub and emulate Jobs’s presentation method. Jobs a true genius, made his mark and conquered the world of mobility. He will be greatly missed, looked up as an idol and forever be the father of Apple.\r\nConclusion\r\nAutocratic management is one of the types of management which is used in businesses and organizations all over the world. Autocratic management isn’t considered as a favourable approach in modern day leadership, but it can still be seen in practice and is a widely discussed leadership model, it is also one of the accepted types of management.\r\n'